数字通信：表情符号和语法

　　Writer and actor Larry David is behind some of America's most popular television shows, including Seinfeldand Curb Your Enthusiasm. The shows often discuss the details of everyday life in a funny way.

　　One time on Curb Your Enthusiasm, David criticized the use of emojis -- symbols often used in text messages and internet exchanges.

　　作家兼演员拉里·戴维(Larry David)是美国一些最受欢迎的电视节目的幕后主持人，其中包括《森菲尔德》和《遏制你的热情》。 这些节目经常以有趣的方式讨论日常生活的细节。

　　大卫在《遏制热情》一书中批评了表情符号的使用-表情符号是短信和互联网交流中经常使用的符号。

　　She texted me.

　　She texted you. How adorable.

　　Yeah... smiley face at the end.

　　Oh! Smiley face, see I hate that.

　　她发短信给我。

　　她发短信给你。 多可爱。

　　是的...最后是笑脸。

　　哦! 笑脸，看到我讨厌。

　　I told her about the smiley faces, I can't stand it! And everybody uses them!

　　On today's report, we will discuss grammar and digital communication. We will talk about emojis and the kinds of words they replace. We will also talk about the different ways people around the world use emojis.

　　我告诉她笑脸，我受不了! 每个人都在使用它们!

　　在今天的报告中，我们将讨论语法和数字通信。 我们将讨论表情符号及其替换的词种。 我们还将讨论世界各地人们使用表情符号的不同方式。

　　Increased use of emojis

　　Emojis have their roots in Japan. Their name comes from the Japanese words for "picture" and "characters." They have been common for years in Japanese electronic messages and Web pages. Over time, people in other countries came to adopt them, too. In 2015, Oxford Dictionaries named the "face with tears of joy" emoji as the word of the year.

　　表情符号起源于日本。它们的名称来自日语单词“图片”和“字符”。多年来，它们在日语电子消息和网页中很常见。随着时间的流逝，其他国家的人们也开始采用它们。 2015年，牛津词典将“充满喜悦的眼泪的面孔”表情符号命名为年度最佳词汇。

　　You might be asking yourself about the link between emojis and grammar. The first key point is this: Sometimes emojis act as a kind of language to communicate important information about emotions or attitudes. These emotions or attitudes might be difficult to express in writing, yet they are part of the idea the writer wants to send. For example, when people speak to each other, they often use their faces and voices to give a lot of information.

　　您可能会问自己关于表情符号和语法之间的联系。第一个关键点是：有时表情符号可以作为一种语言来传达有关情绪或态度的重要信息。这些情感或态度可能很难用书面表达，但它们却是作者想要传达的想法的一部分。例如，当人们彼此交谈时，他们经常使用自己的脸和声音来提供很多信息。

　　The website emojitrackerfollows all emojis used on Twitter. It lists the most popular emojis on the social media platform. You might not be surprised to learn that some of the most popular emojis have a face.

　　The most popular emoji is still "the face with tears of joy." The second most popular emoji, according to emojitracker, is the "grinning face with the smiling eyes."

　　网站emojitracker跟踪Twitter上使用的所有表情符号。它列出了社交媒体平台上最受欢迎的表情符号。得知某些最受欢迎的表情符号有表情，您可能会不会感到惊讶。

　　最受欢迎的表情符号仍然是“充满喜悦的眼泪的脸”。根据emojitracker的说法，第二个最受欢迎的表情符号是“笑脸咧着嘴笑”。

　　The limits of emoji and grammar

　　Our second key point is this: Emojis fit into English grammar in certain kinds of ways. And experts think there are limits on how complex emoji grammar can become.

　　A 2019 studyby researchers in the Netherlands found that emojis were more likely to replace nouns and adjectives. They were less likely to replace verbs and adverbs.

　　我们的第二个关键点是：表情符号以某种方式适合英语语法。 而且专家认为，复杂的表情符号语法如何变得存在局限性。

　　荷兰研究人员在2019年进行的一项研究发现，表情符号更有可能取代名词和形容词。 他们不太可能替换动词和副词。

　　The researchers noted, "No prepositions or determiners were substituted" by emojis.

　　Prepositions refer to words such as "in," "on," or "at." These words often show the location of nouns.

　　研究人员指出，“没有介词或限定词被表情符号代替”。

　　介词是指诸如“在...中”，“在...上”或“在...处”之类的词。 这些词经常显示名词的位置。

　　Determiners are words such as "the" or "these." They give information about a noun.

　　The study pointed out that emoji-only communication was very simple.

　　限定词是诸如“ the”或“ these”之类的词。 他们提供有关名词的信息。

　　研究指出，仅表情符号交流非常简单。

　　One of the reasons is that users cannot change how they present the emojis. Also, vocabulary depends on existing emojis. Expressing feelings or attitudes outside the available choices is difficult.

　　原因之一是用户无法更改其显示表情符号的方式。 另外，词汇量取决于现有的表情符号。 在可用选择之外表达想法或态度很困难。

　　Emojis and other languages

　　A 2016 reportnoted differences in how people around the world use emojis. The researchers found that "users from France are more likely to use emojis."

　　The researchers also found that users in France were "more likely to use emojis related to hearts, while users from other countries prefer emojis related to faces."

　　2016年的一份报告指出了全世界人们使用表情符号的方式的差异。 研究人员发现，“来自法国的用户更可能使用表情符号。”

　　研究人员还发现，法国的用户“更可能使用与心脏相关的表情符号，而其他国家的用户则更喜欢与面部相关的表情符号”。

　　While how much these trends may have changed over the past few years is unclear, we bring up this point to get you thinking about how emojis are used in your native language.

　　How do you feel about emojis? Do you give them a frowning mouth with scrunched eyebrows, like Larry David? Or a grinning face with smiling eyes?

　　虽然这些趋势在过去几年中可能发生了多少变化尚不清楚，但我们提出这一点是为了让您考虑一下表情符号在您的母语中的使用方式。

　　您对表情符号有什么感觉? 您像拉里·戴维(Larry David)那样皱着眉头，皱着眉头吗? 还是笑嘻嘻的笑脸?

　　Write to us in the comments section.

　　在评论部分给我们写信。

　　重点词汇：

　　Words in This Story：

　　adorable – adj.very appealing or attractive; very lovable

　　digital – adj.using or characterized by computer technology

　　trend– n.a general direction of change : a way of behaving, proceeding, etc., that is developing and becoming more common

　　character – n.a symbol (such as a letter or number) that is used in writing or printing

　　attitude – n.the way you think and feel about someone or something

　　grin– v.to smile widely

　　scrunched– adj.with tightened the muscles.