中国历史常用术语中英对照-1

　　谥号 Posthumous name (比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元)

　　庙号 Temple name(比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖)

　　年号 Era name 或者 Reign name(比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙)

　　尊号 Regnal name(比如武则天的则天)

　　姓 Surname 或者 Family name

　　氏(先秦)Secondary surname 或者 Clan name (比如孔子姓是子，氏是孔)

　　名 Given name

　　字 Courtesy name 或者 Style name

　　号 Art name

　　名讳 True name

　　乳名 Birth name

　　法号 Dharma name

　　训名 School name

　　避讳 Taboo of names

　　爵位 Nobility rank

　　太子 Crown Prince

　　九爵 Nine orders of nobility

　　亲王 Prince

　　郡王 Prefecture/Commandery Prince

　　国公 Duke

　　郡公 Prefecture/Commandery Duke

　　县公 County/District Duke

　　侯爵 Marquis

　　伯爵 Count

　　子爵 Viscount

　　男爵 Baron

　　世袭的 Hereditary

　　封建 to enfeoff

　　皇后 Empress

　　妃 Consort 或 highly-ranked imperial concubines

　　品秩 Grade/Rank in the Bureaucracy

　　正一品 First Rank Officials

　　从一品 Sub-First Rank Officials

　　正四品上 Upper Fourth Rank Official

　　正四品下 Lower Fourth Rank Official

　　从四品上 Upper Sub-Fourth Rank Official

　　从四品下 Lower Sub-Fourth Rank Official

　　另外官品还有一种简记法，比如正一品是1a，从一品是1b，正四品上是4a，正四品下是4a’，从四品上是4b，从四品下是4b’

　　奉朝请 People who qualified for imperial audiences

　　千牛卫 Imperial personal guard

　　千牛备身 Swordsmen in the personal guard

　　食邑 Feudatory land

　　官 Bureaucrat

　　吏 Government staff

　　四民 Four occupations(士农工商分别是gentry scholars，peasants，craftsmen以及merchants)

　　军阀的派系 Clique of xxx

　　凌迟 Death by a thousand cuts 或者就叫 Lingchi 然后解释是一种cruel execution

　　腰斩 Death by cutting the waist

　　绞刑 Death by hanging

　　车裂 Death by dismembering the body

　　廷杖 Tingzhang, a type of punishment that the guilty official would be spanked by wooden planks

　　流放 Be banished/exiled to + 地名

　　追封 Posthumous enfeoffment

　　钦差大臣 Imperial government inspector

　　监正 Supervisor of xxx directorate

　　诏书 Edict

　　奏章 Memorial to the emperor

　　俸禄 Salary for imperial officials

　　中央集权 Centralization of authority

　　龙袍 Panlong Robe 或者 Chinese Imperial Dragon Robe

　　衙门 Administrative Office

　　中书令 Secretariat Director

　　中书舍人 Secretariat Drafter

　　中书门下 Secretariat-Chancellery

　　同中书门下平章事 Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery

　　中散大夫 Grand Master of Palace Leisure

　　大理寺 Imperial Court of Justice

　　鸿卢寺 Office of Foreign Affairs

　　光禄寺 Office of Imperial Kitchen

　　著作局 Editorial office

　　转运使 Transport Commissioner

　　处置使 Supervisory Commissioner, an official that arranges and disposes of matters

　　黜陟使 Personnel Evaluation Commissioner, an official that evaluates, promotes or demotes other officials

　　国子监 Directorate of Education

　　将作院 Imperial Manufactories Commission

　　御史台 Censorate

　　法司 Judicial office

　　翰林院 Hanlin Academy, an organization in the central court with scholars who did drafting and editing works for the emperor

　　京兆尹 Metropolitan governor of capital city

　　教坊司 Imperial office of music

　　东宫 The House of Crown Prince 或者 The Eastern Palace for Crown Prince

　　谏议大夫 Supervisory officer

　　光禄大夫 Grand Master of the Palace 其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加with golden seal and purple ribbon，银青光禄大夫在后面加with silver seal and blue ribbon

　　假节：一般说Jiajie，然后解释，an official with a special warrant/permission to represent the emperor

　　主簿 Recorder 或者 assistant magistrate

　　主书 Assistant drafters

　　主事 Director/secretary of xxx section in xxx ministry

　　主司 Examiner 或者 recruiter，相当于古代政府的HR

　　漕运：一般来说就是Caoyun，然后解释是 ground and water transportation operated/controlled by the government

　　茶马交易 Tea-Horse Trade

　　羁縻制度 Jimi system (A special type of administrative system enforced by Tang and Song dynasties in remote areas where hereditary tribal rulers receive duties from the central court while keeping the high degree of autonomy)，和后来明朝的土司制度相似 Tusi system (土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Local headmen)

　　进士 Nominees who passed the highest-level Imperial Examinations (court exams 殿试)，有地方直接说是Jnshi(复数Jinshies)并解释是Imperial examination graduates，其中进士及第是distinguished jinshies，进士出身是xxx with jinshi background，同进士出身是along with jinshi background

　　贡士 Nominees who passed the national-level Imperial Examinations

　　举人 Recommendees/nominees who passed the local-level (provincial-level) Imperial Examinations

　　秀才/生员 Scholars/Educated people (qualified for local-level Imperial Examinations)

　　童生 Scholars haven’t qualified for the local-level Imperial Examinations

　　冈仁波齐 Mount Kailash

　　葱岭 Pamir Plateau

　　兴都库什山 Hindukush Mountains

　　燕然山 Khangai Mountains

　　华阳国志 Chronicles of Huayang

　　三字经 Three Character Classic

　　百家姓 Hundred Family Surnames

　　千字文 Thousand Character Classic