中华人民共和国民事诉讼法（中英文翻译对照）

　　中华人民共和国民事诉讼法

　　(1991年4月9日第七届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过 根据2007年10月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的决定》修正)

　　Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China

　　(Adopted on April 9, 1991 at the Fourth Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress, and revised according to the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Amending the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China as adopted at the 30th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s Congress)

　　第一编 总 则

　　Part One General Principles

　　第一章 任务、适用范围和基本原则

　　Chapter 1 Purposes, Scope of Regulation and Basic Principles

　　第一条 【立法依据】中华人民共和国民事诉讼法以宪法为根据，结合我国民事审判工作的经验和实际情况制定。

　　Article 1 The Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China is formulated according to the Constitution and in the light of the experience and actual conditions of adjudicating civil cases in our country.

　　第二条 【立法目的】中华人民共和国民事诉讼法的任务，是保护当事人行使诉讼权利，保证人民法院查明事实，分清是非，正确适用法律，及时审理民事案件，确认民事权利义务关系，制裁民事违法行为，保护当事人的合法权益，教育公民自觉遵守法律，维护社会秩序、经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业顺利进行。

　　Article 2 The purposes of the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China are to protect the litigation rights exercised by the parties, to ensure that the people’s courts find facts, to distinguish right from wrong, to apply the law correctly, to try civil cases promptly, to affirm the rights and obligations in civil affairs, to impose sanctions for civil wrong doings, to protect the lawful rights and interests of the parties, to educate citizens to voluntarily abide by the law, to maintain the social and economic order, and to guarantee the smooth progress of the socialist construction.

　　第三条 【适用范围】人民法院受理公民之间、法人之间、其他组织之间以及他们相互之间因财产关系和人身关系提起的民事诉讼，适用本法的规定。

　　Article 3 The provisions of this Law shall apply to all the civil litigation accepted by people’s courts regarding disputes over the status of property and personal relations among citizens, legal persons, or other organizations respectively and mutually between citizens, legal persons, or other organizations.

　　第四条 【空间效力】凡在中华人民共和国领域内进行民事诉讼，必须遵守本法。

　　Article 4 All those who involve in civil lawsuits within the territory of the People’s Republic of China must abide by this Law.

　　第五条 【外国人诉讼地位】外国人、无国籍人、外国企业和组织在人民法院起诉、应诉，同中华人民共和国公民、法人和其他组织有同等的诉讼权利义务。

　　外国法院对中华人民共和国公民、法人和其他组织的民事诉讼权利加以限制的，中华人民共和国人民法院对该国公民、企业和组织的民事诉讼权利，实行对等原则。

　　Article 5 Foreign nationals, stateless persons, foreign enterprises, or organizations, which initiate or respond to lawsuits in people’s courts, shall have the same litigation rights and obligations as the citizens, legal persons, or other organizations of the People’s Republic of China.

　　Should the courts of a foreign country impose restrictions on the civil litigation rights of the citizens, legal persons, or other organizations of the People’s Republic of China, the people’s courts of the People’s Republic of China shall follow the principle of reciprocity regarding the civil litigation rights of the citizens, enterprises, or organizations of that foreign country.

　　第六条 【法院独立审判】民事案件的审判权由人民法院行使。

　　人民法院依照法律规定对民事案件独立进行审判，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

　　Article 6 The adjudication authority over civil cases shall be exercised by the people’s courts only.

　　The people’s courts shall adjudicate civil cases independently according to law, and shall not be subject to any interference from an administrative organ, public organization, or individual.

　　第七条 【审理原则】人民法院审理民事案件，必须以事实为根据，以法律为准绳。

　　Article 7 The people’s courts must take the facts as the basis and take the law as the criterion when adjudicating civil cases.

　　第八条 【诉讼权利平等】民事诉讼当事人有平等的诉讼权利。人民法院审理民事案件，应当保障和便利当事人行使诉讼权利，对当事人在适用法律上一律平等。

　　Article 8 All parties to a civil litigation shall have equal litigation rights. The people’s courts shall, when adjudicating civil cases, guarantee and facilitate all parties to exercise their litigation rights, and apply the law equally to all parties.

　　第九条 【法院调解】人民法院审理民事案件，应当根据自愿和合法的原则进行调解;调解不成的，应当及时判决。

　　Article 9 When adjudicating civil cases, the people’s courts may mediate the disputes according to the principles of voluntariness and lawfulness; if a mediation agreement can not be reached, the courts shall render judgments without delay.

　　第十条 【审判制度】人民法院审理民事案件，依照法律规定实行合议、回避、公开审判和两审终审制度。

　　Article 10 When adjudicating civil cases, the people’s courts shall apply the systems of collegial panel, recusal, public trial, and two trials and the second one is final.

　　第十一条 【语言文字】各民族公民都有用本民族语言、文字进行民事诉讼的权利。

　　在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，人民法院应当用当地民族通用的语言、文字进行审理和发布法律文书。

　　人民法院应当对不通晓当地民族通用的语言、文字的诉讼参与人提供翻译。

　　Article 11 Chinese citizens of all ethnicities shall have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in civil proceedings.

　　In the areas where an ethnic minority is concentrated or a number of different ethnic nationalities live together, the people’s courts shall conduct hearings and publish legal documents in the spoken and written languages commonly used by these people.

　　The people’s courts shall provide translations for any litigation participants who are not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used by the local people.

　　第十二条 【辩论权】人民法院审理民事案件时，当事人有权进行辩论。

　　Article 12 When adjudicating civil cases by the people’s court, the parties shall have the right to engage in argument.

　　第十三条 【处分权】当事人有权在法律规定的范围内处分自己的民事权利和诉讼权利。

　　Article 13 The parties to a civil litigation shall be entitled, within the scope stipulated by law, to dispose their rights of civil affairs and litigation.

　　第十四条 【法律监督】人民检察院有权对民事审判活动实行法律监督。

　　Article 14 The people’s procuratorates shall have the right to exercise legal supervision over the civil proceedings.

　　第十五条 【支持起诉】机关、社会团体、企业事业单位对损害国家、集体或者个人民事权益的行为，可以支持受损害的单位或者个人向人民法院起诉。

　　Article 15 If the civil rights and interests of the state, a collective, or an individual have been infringed, a state organ, public organization, enterprise, or institution may support the injured unit or individual to initiate legal action in a people’s court.

　　第十六条 【人民调解】人民调解委员会是在基层人民政府和基层人民法院指导下，调解民间纠纷的群众性组织。

　　人民调解委员会依照法律规定，根据自愿原则进行调解。当事人对调解达成的协议应当履行;不愿调解、调解不成或者反悔的，可以向人民法院起诉。

　　人民调解委员会调解民间纠纷，如有违背法律的，人民法院应当予以纠正。

　　Article 16 The People’s Conciliation Committees are the organizations for mass to mediate civil disputes derived from private citizens under the guidance of basic people’s governments and the basic people’s courts.

　　The People’s Conciliation Committees shall conduct all mediations according to legal provisions and the principle of voluntariness. All concerned parties shall enforce mediation agreement. Where any concerned parties refuse mediation, fail to reach a mediation agreement, or retract a mediation agreement, they may initiate legal proceedings in a people’s court.

　　If a People’s Conciliation Committee violates the law when mediating civil disputes, the people’s court shall correct it.

　　第十七条 【变通规定】民族自治地方的人民代表大会根据宪法和本法的原则，结合当地民族的具体情况，可以制定变通或者补充的规定。自治区的规定，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准。自治州、自治县的规定，报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准，并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

　　Article 17 The people’s congresses of the national autonomous areas may formulate some accommodating or supplementary provisions according to the principles of the Constitution and this Law and based on the specific circumstances of their localities. Such provisions made by an autonomous region shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for approval. The provisions made by an autonomous prefecture or autonomous county shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people’s congress of the relevant autonomous region or province for approval and to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for the record.

　　第二章 管 辖

　　Chapter 2 Jurisdiction

　　第一节 级别管辖

　　Section 1 Jurisdiction by Levels of Courts

　　第十八条 【基层法院管辖】基层人民法院管辖第一审民事案件，但本法另有规定的除外。

　　Article 18 A basic people’s court shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over civil cases, unless otherwise stipulated in this Law.

　　第十九条 【中级法院管辖】中级人民法院管辖下列第一审民事案件：

　　(一)重大涉外案件;

　　(二)在本辖区有重大影响的案件;

　　(三)最高人民法院确定由中级人民法院管辖的案件。

　　Article 19 An intermediate people’s court shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over the following civil cases:

　　(1)Major cases involving foreign elements;

　　(2)Cases that have major impacts in the area of its jurisdiction; and

　　(3)Cases under the jurisdiction of the intermediate people’s courts as determined by the Supreme People’s Court.

　　第二十条 【高级法院管辖】高级人民法院管辖在本辖区有重大影响的第一审民事案件。

　　Article 20 A higher people’s courts shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over civil cases that have major impacts on the areas of its jurisdiction.

　　第二十一条 【最高法院管辖】最高人民法院管辖下列第一审民事案件：

　　(一)在全国有重大影响的案件;

　　(二)认为应当由本院审理的案件。

　　Article 21The Supreme People’s Court shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over the following civil cases:

　　(1)Cases that have major impacts on the whole country; and

　　(2)Cases that the Supreme People’s Court deems should be adjudicated by itself.

　　第二节 地域管辖

　　Section 2 Territorial Jurisdiction

　　第二十二条 【一般地域管辖】对公民提起的民事诉讼，由被告住所地人民法院管辖;被告住所地与经常居住地不一致的，由经常居住地人民法院管辖。

　　对法人或者其他组织提起的民事诉讼，由被告住所地人民法院管辖。

　　同一诉讼的几个被告住所地、经常居住地在两个以上人民法院辖区的，各该人民法院都有管辖权。

　　Article 22 A civil lawsuit brought against a citizen shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the defendant has his domicile; if the defendant’s domicile is different from his habitual residence, the lawsuit shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place of his habitual residence.

　　A civil lawsuit brought against a legal person or an organization shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the defendant has its domicile.

　　Where the domiciles or habitual residences of several defendants in the same lawsuit are in the areas under the jurisdiction of two or more people’s courts, all of those people’s courts shall have jurisdiction over the lawsuit.

　　第二十三条 【特别规定】下列民事诉讼，由原告住所地人民法院管辖;原告住所地与经常居住地不一致的，由原告经常居住地人民法院管辖：

　　(一)对不在中华人民共和国领域内居住的人提起的有关身份关系的诉讼;

　　(二)对下落不明或者宣告失踪的人提起的有关身份关系的诉讼;

　　(三)对被劳动教养的人提起的诉讼;

　　(四)对被监禁的人提起的诉讼。

　　Article 23 The civil litigations described below shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the plaintiff has his domicile; if the plaintiff’s domicile is different from his habitual residence, the lawsuit shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’ court located in the place of the plaintiff’s habitual residence. The relevant civil litigations are:

　　(1)Litigations concerning the status of persons who do not reside within the territory of the People’s Republic of China;

　　(2)Litigations concerning the status of persons whose whereabouts are unknown or whom have been declared missing;

　　(3)Litigations brought against the persons who are undergoing reeducation through labor; and

　　(4)Litigations brought against persons who are in imprisonment.

　　第二十四条 【合同纠纷管辖】因合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者合同履行地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 24 A lawsuit brought about a contract dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the defendant has his domicile or where the contract is performed.

　　第二十五条 【协议管辖】合同的双方当事人可以在书面合同中协议选择被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所在地人民法院管辖，但不得违反本法对级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。

　　Article 25 The parties to a contract may, through the written contract, choose a people’s court, which located in the place where the defendant would have his domicile, the contract would be performed, the contract would be signed, the plaintiff would have his domicile, or the subject of the contract would be located, to have jurisdiction over the case, as long as this jurisdiction choice does not violate the provisions of this Law regarding the Jurisdiction by Level and the Exclusive Jurisdiction.

　　第二十六条 【保险纠纷管辖】因保险合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者保险标的物所在地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 26 A lawsuit brought for insurance contract dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the defendant has his domicile or where the insured subject matter is located.

　　第二十七条 【票据纠纷管辖】因票据纠纷提起的诉讼，由票据支付地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 27 A lawsuit brought for a negotiable instrument dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the negotiable instrument is to be paid or where the defendant has his domicile.

　　第二十八条 【运输纠纷管辖】因铁路、公路、水上、航空运输和联合运输合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由运输始发地、目的地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 28 A lawsuit brought for a dispute over transportation contract via railway, highway, water, air, or combined transportation shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place of the departure or the destination, or where the defendant has his domicile.

　　第二十九条 【侵权行为管辖】因侵权行为提起的诉讼，由侵权行为地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 29 A lawsuit brought for a tortious act shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the infringing act took place or where the defendant has his domicile.

　　第三十条 【交通事故管辖】因铁路、公路、水上和航空事故请求损害赔偿提起的诉讼，由事故发生地或者车辆、船舶最先到达地、航空器最先降落地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 30 A lawsuit to claim damages caused by a railway, highway, water, or aviation transportation accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the accident took place, where the vehicle or ship first arrived after the accident, where the aircraft first landed after the accident, or where the defendant has his domicile.

　　第三十一条 【海损事故管辖】因船舶碰撞或者其他海事损害事故请求损害赔偿提起的诉讼，由碰撞发生地、碰撞船舶最先到达地、加害船舶被扣留地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 31 A lawsuit brought for damages caused by a ship collision or any other maritime accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the collision took place or where the collision ship first docked after the accident or where the ship at fault was detained, or where the defendant has his domicile.

　　第三十二条 【海难救助管辖】因海难救助费用提起的诉讼，由救助地或者被救助船舶最先到达地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 32 A lawsuit brought for a maritime salvage shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the salvage took place or where the salvaged vessel first docked after the disaster.

　　第三十三条 【共同海损管辖】因共同海损提起的诉讼，由船舶最先到达地、共同海损理算地或者航程终止地的人民法院管辖。

　　Article 33 A lawsuit brought for a general average shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the ship first docked after the general average adjustment took place or the adjustment thereof was conducted or where the voyage ended.

　　第三十四条 【专属管辖】下列案件，由本条规定的人民法院专属管辖：

　　(一)因不动产纠纷提起的诉讼，由不动产所在地人民法院管辖;

　　(二)因港口作业中发生纠纷提起的诉讼，由港口所在地人民法院管辖;

　　(三)因继承遗产纠纷提起的诉讼，由被继承人死亡时住所地或者主要遗产所在地人民法院管辖。

　　Article 34 The following cases shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the people’s courts herein specified:

　　(1)A lawsuit brought for real estate shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the real estate is located;

　　(2)A lawsuit concerning harbor operations shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the harbor is located; and

　　(3)A lawsuit concerning an inheritance shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s court located in the place where the decedent had his domicile upon his death, or where the principal portion of his estate is located.

　　第三十五条 【选择管辖】两个以上人民法院都有管辖权的诉讼，原告可以向其中一个人民法院起诉;原告向两个以上有管辖权的人民法院起诉的，由最先立案的人民法院管辖。

　　Article 35 When two or more people’s courts have jurisdiction over a lawsuit, the plaintiff may bring his lawsuit in one of these people’s courts; if the plaintiff brings the lawsuit in two or more people’s courts that have jurisdiction over the lawsuit, it shall be handled by the people’s court that accepts the case first.

　　第三节 移送管辖和指定管辖

　　Section 3 Jurisdiction by Transfer and Jurisdiction by Designation

　　第三十六条 【移送管辖】人民法院发现受理的案件不属于本院管辖的，应当移送有管辖权的人民法院，受移送的人民法院应当受理。受移送的人民法院认为受移送的案件依照规定不属于本院管辖的，应当报请上级人民法院指定管辖，不得再自行移送。

　　Article 36 If a people’s court discovers that a case it has accepted is not under its jurisdiction, it shall transfer the case to the people’s court that does have jurisdiction over the case. The people’s court to which a case has been transferred shall accept the case, and if it considers that, according to relevant regulations, the transferred case is not under its jurisdiction, it shall report to a superior people’s court for the designation of jurisdiction and shall not transfer the case to another people’s court without authorization.

　　第三十七条 【指定管辖】有管辖权的人民法院由于特殊原因，不能行使管辖权的，由上级人民法院指定管辖。

　　人民法院之间因管辖权发生争议，由争议双方协商解决;协商解决不了的，报请它们的共同上级人民法院指定管辖。

　　Article 37 If a people’s court which has jurisdiction over a case is unable to exercise the jurisdiction for a special reason, the superior people’s court shall designate another court to exercise the jurisdiction.

　　If there is a dispute over a jurisdiction among people’s courts, it shall be resolved by the disputing parties through consultation; if the dispute cannot be resolved through consultation, the disputing courts shall ask their superior people’s court to designate the jurisdiction.

　　第三十八条 【管辖异议】人民法院受理案件后，当事人对管辖权有异议的，应当在提交答辩状期间提出。人民法院对当事人提出的异议，应当审查。异议成立的，裁定将案件移送有管辖权的人民法院;异议不成立的，裁定驳回。

　　Article 38 If a party rejects the jurisdiction of his case after the case was accepted by a people’s court, the party shall raise the rejection during the period for submitting briefs. The people’s court shall examine such objection. If the objection is tenable, the people’s court shall rule that the case be transferred to the people’s court that does have jurisdiction over the case; if the rejection is untenable, the people’s court shall overrule the objection.

　　第三十九条 【管辖转移】上级人民法院有权审理下级人民法院管辖的第一审民事案件，也可以把本院管辖的第一审民事案件交下级人民法院审理。

　　下级人民法院对它所管辖的第一审民事案件，认为需要由上级人民法院审理的，可以报请上级人民法院审理。

　　Article 39 People’s courts at higher levels shall have the authority to try civil cases over which people’s courts at lower levels have jurisdiction as courts of first instance; they may also transfer civil cases over which they themselves have jurisdiction as courts of first instance to people’s courts at lower levels for adjudication.

　　If a people’s court at a lower level deems it necessary for a civil case of first instance under its jurisdiction to be tried by a people’s court at a higher level, it may request such a people’s court to adjudicate the case.

　　第三章 审判组织

　　Chapter 3 Trial Organization

　　第四十条 【一审审判组织】人民法院审理第一审民事案件，由审判员、陪审员共同组成合议庭或者由审判员组成合议庭。合议庭的成员人数，必须是单数。

　　适用简易程序审理的民事案件，由审判员一人独任审理。

　　陪审员在执行陪审职务时，与审判员有同等的权利义务。

　　Article 40 Civil cases of first instance shall be tried in a people’s court by a collegial bench consisting of both judges and assessors or of judges alone. The numbers of members of a collegial bench shall be odd.

　　Civil cases to which summary procedure is applied shall be tried by a single judge alone.

　　When carrying out their duties as assessors, the assessors shall have equal rights and obligations as the judges.

　　第四十一条 【二、重、再审审判组织】人民法院审理第二审民事案件，由审判员组成合议庭。合议庭的成员人数，必须是单数。

　　发回重审的案件，原审人民法院应当按照第一审程序另行组成合议庭。

　　审理再审案件，原来是第一审的，按照第一审程序另行组成合议庭;原来是第二审的或者是上级人民法院提审的，按照第二审程序另行组成合议庭。

　　Article 41 Civil cases of second instance shall be tried in a people’s court by a collegial bench of judges. The numbers of members of a collegial bench shall be odd.

　　For the retrial of a remanded case, the people’s court of first instance shall form a new collegial bench according to the procedure of first instance.

　　If a case for retrial was originally tried at first instance, a new collegial bench shall be formed according to the procedure of first instance; if the case was originally tried at second instance or was removed to a people’s court at a higher level for trial, a new collegial bench shall be formed according to the procedure of second instance.

　　第四十二条 【审判长】合议庭的审判长由院长或者庭长指定审判员一人担任;院长或者庭长参加审判的，由院长或者庭长担任。

　　Article 42 The president of the court or the chief judge of a division shall designate a judge to serve as the presiding judge of the collegial bench; if the president or the chief judge participates in trial, he himself shall serve as the presiding judge.

　　第四十三条 【评议原则】合议庭评议案件，实行少数服从多数的原则。评议应当制作笔录，由合议庭成员签名。评议中的不同意见，必须如实记入笔录。

　　Article 43 When deliberating a case, a collegial bench shall observe the principle of minority obeying majority. The deliberations shall be recorded in writing, and the transcript shall be signed by the members of the collegial bench. The dissenting opinions in the deliberations shall be truthfully recorded in the transcript.

　　第四十四条 【审判人员义务】审判人员应当依法秉公办案。

　　审判人员不得接受当事人及其诉讼代理人请客送礼。

　　审判人员有贪污受贿，徇私舞弊，枉法裁判行为的，应当追究法律责任;构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

　　Article 44 The adjudicating personnel shall handle the case impartially and according to law.

　　The adjudicating personnel shall not accept a treat or gift from the parties or their agents.

　　Any adjudicating personnel who commits embezzlement, accepts bribes, practices favoritism for himself or relatives, twists the law in rendering judgment shall be investigated for legal responsibility; if a crime is committed, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　第四章 回 避

　　Chapter 4 Recusal of Adjudicating Personnel

　　第四十五条 【适用情形】审判人员有下列情形之一的，必须回避，当事人有权用口头或者书面方式申请他们回避：

　　(一)是本案当事人或者当事人、诉讼代理人的近亲属;

　　(二)与本案有利害关系;

　　(三)与本案当事人有其他关系，可能影响对案件公正审理的。

　　前款规定，适用于书记员、翻译人员、鉴定人、勘验人。

　　Article 45 Any member of the adjudicating personnel in any of the following circumstances shall be disqualified, and the litigation parties shall also have the right to request, orally or in writing, such an adjudicator to be withdrawn from this case. The relevant circumstances are:

　　(1)He is a party or a near relative of a party or a near relative of a litigation representative to the case;

　　(2)He has a personal interest in the case; or

　　(3)He has some other relationship with a party to the case, which could influence the impartial adjudication.

　　The above provisions shall also apply to clerks, interpreters, expert witnesses, and examiners.

　　第四十六条 【回避申请】当事人提出回避申请，应当说明理由，在案件开始审理时提出;回避事由在案件开始审理后知道的，也可以在法庭辩论终结前提出。

　　被申请回避的人员在人民法院作出是否回避的决定前，应当暂停参与本案的工作，但案件需要采取紧急措施的除外。

　　Article 46 When a party makes a request to disqualify an adjudicator, he shall make an explanation and submit the request at the beginning of the proceedings; a request for recusal may also be submitted before the end of court debate if the recusal reason is uncovered after the proceeding begins.

　　If a recusal decision is waiting for a people’s court to decide, the personnel who have been requested to be disqualified shall temporarily be suspended from participating in the proceedings, but with the exception of cases that require emergency measures.

　　第四十七条 【回避决定】院长担任审判长时的回避，由审判委员会决定;审判人员的回避，由院长决定;其他人员的回避，由审判长决定。

　　Article 47 The recusal of a court president who serves as the presiding judge shall be decided by the adjudicating committee; the recusal of adjudicators shall be decided by the court president; the recusal of other personnel shall be decided by the presiding judge.

　　第四十八条 【回避时限及后果】人民法院对当事人提出的回避申请，应当在申请提出的三日内，以口头或者书面形式作出决定。申请人对决定不服的，可以在接到决定时申请复议一次。复议期间，被申请回避的人员，不停止参与本案的工作。人民法院对复议申请，应当在三日内作出复议决定，并通知复议申请人。

　　Article 48 The decision of a people’s court on a request for recusal shall be made orally or in writing within three days after the request was made. If a party is not satisfied with a recusal decision, it may apply for reconsideration once. During the period of reconsideration, the personnel who have been requested to be disqualified shall not be suspended from participating in the proceedings. The decision of a people’s court on an application for reconsideration shall be made within three days after receiving the application and the person who has made the application for reconsideration shall be notified of the decision.

　　第五章 诉讼参加人

　　Chapter 5 Litigation Participants

　　第一节 当事人

　　Section 1 Parties

　　第四十九条 【当事人范围】公民、法人和其他组织可以作为民事诉讼的当事人。

　　法人由其法定代表人进行诉讼。其他组织由其主要负责人进行诉讼。

　　Article 49 Any citizen, legal person or any other organization may become a party to a civil lawsuit.

　　Legal persons shall be represented by their legal representatives in litigation. Other organizations shall be represented by their principal leading personnel in litigation.

　　第五十条 【诉讼权利义务】当事人有权委托代理人，提出回避申请，收集、提供证据，进行辩论，请求调解，提起上诉，申请执行。

　　当事人可以查阅本案有关材料，并可以复制本案有关材料和法律文书。查阅、复制本案有关材料的范围和办法由最高人民法院规定。

　　当事人必须依法行使诉讼权利，遵守诉讼秩序，履行发生法律效力的判决书、裁定书和调解书。

　　Article 50 The parties shall have the right to appoint representatives, request recusals of adjudicating personnel, collect and provide evidence, engage in debate, request mediation, file an appeal, and apply for an enforcement of judgments.

　　The parties may consult the materials relating to the court proceedings of the case and copy the materials and other legal documents pertaining to the case. However, materials involving state secrets, trade secrets, or the private affairs of individuals shall be exceptions.

　　The parties must exercise their litigation rights according to the law, observe litigation procedures and carry out legally effective written judgments or orders and mediation statements.

　　第五十一条 【自行和解】双方当事人可以自行和解。

　　Article 51 The two parties may reach a settlement agreement on their own.