中医常用术语英文翻译 中医学翻译中要掌握哪些技巧

　　中医学翻译时要求译员的英语基本功扎实，而且对中医学有所了解，那么中医学在翻译中要掌握哪些技巧呢?

　　首先，应该换位思考，翻译这件事情需要站在对方的立场上去考虑。翻译的目的就是为了让读者可以看得懂，看得明白，如果只是单纯的自己翻译出来，别人完全不知所云的话，那毫无疑问，翻译是失败的。好的翻译是将原著的长处注入到另一种语言中，让读者更清晰的领悟，产生更强烈的共鸣。换位思考应该考虑语法上是否符合表达，汉语与英语的表达方式是不一样的，在翻译的过程中应该完善的考虑进去。要站在目标语言的立场上去考虑，既要忠实原文，又要符合医学英语的表达方式。

　　其次，要凸显文化，力求原汁原味。因为中医学是中国的传统文化。在进行翻译的时候，要尽量体现出中国博大精深的文化和思想内涵，将中医学中最能体现文化底蕴的地方完美的翻译出来，而不是一味的附和西方的文化，如果将很传统的中国文化很直白的英译，不仅体会不到中国的文化精髓也会让翻译洋不洋，中不中的。还应讲究翻译技巧，如明确语境，灵活意译，适当增补，保留原味等，此外，中医药学用语往往言简意赅，不少以文言文形式表达，但在翻译时却不能简单化。

　　第三，翻译要意译传达，力求形象逼真。某些中医学专业名词在英语中没有直接对等的词汇，可以通过意译进行传达，并与直译、音译等融合运用。中医学中很多词汇来源于生活感受，构词的原 则大多是取类比象，表层结构较简练，但溢于字面之外的内涵却较为丰富。因此，要做到准确翻译，应摆脱字面句式的束缚，透过表层，探究深层的实质含意。

　　最后，提高素质，科学合理。诸如此类的词语在中医学里很多，因此，译者唯有以严谨和科学的工作态度认真对待中医翻译，才能将中医理论知识准确传达给外国朋友。译者不仅要具备丰富的中医理论知识，还应具备丰富的 中国古典文化知识，只有这样，才能领会并深刻理解中医论著原文。译员还得对西医的理论体系和治疗方法有所了解，并较好地掌握医学英语。

　　中医 ①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinesephysician ①中医学的简称。②本学科专业职业队伍。

　　中药 Chinesemateria medica 在中医理论指导下应用的药物。包括中药材、中药饮片和中成药等。

　　中医学 traditionalChinese medicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。

　　中药学 Chinese materiamedica 中药学科的统称。研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮片、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应用等知识的学科。

　　中医药 traditionalChinese medicine and pharmacology

　　本草：Materia medica

　　中药：Chinese materiamedica，Chinese medicinals(包括植物药、动物药、矿物药等)

　　中草药：Chinese HerbalMedicine,Chinese medicinal herbs

　　中药学：Chinese pharmaceutics

　　药材：Medicinalsubstance(material)

　　中西医结合 integration of traditional and western medicine

　　中医基础理论 basictheory of traditional Chinese medicine

　　中医诊断学 diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine

　　方剂学 prescriptions of Chinese materia medica，

　　Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae/ prescriptions

　　中医内科学 internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine

　　[阴阳]The Theory of Yinand Yang

　　阴阳对立：Opposition of yin andyang

　　阴阳制约：Restriction of/between yin and yang

　　阴阳互根：Interdependence ofyin and yang

　　阴阳消长：Waxing and waning ofyin and yang

　　阴阳转化：Inter-transformationof yin and yang

　　[五行学说]The Theory of FiveElements

　　五行：water，fire，wood，metal，soil

　　生：promote, generate,engender

　　克： act, restrict,restrain

　　乘：overact,over-restrict, over-restrain, subjugate, overwhelm

　　侮：counteract,counter-restrict, counter-restrain, rebel

　　[整体观念] concept of organicwholeness辩证法 dialectics

　　生长化收藏 sprouting, growth，transformation，ripening，storage

　　内外环境统一性 the unity betweenthe internal and external environments

　　机体自身整体性 the integrity of thebody itself

　　古代唯物论和辩证法 classic Chinesematerialism and dialectics

　　矛盾统一the contradictoryunity

　　互相联系、相互影响related to each otherand influence each other

　　标本 Biao (secondaryaspect) and Ben (primary aspect)

　　本质与现象nature and phenomena

　　矛盾的普遍性和特殊性universality andspeciality of contradictions

　　寒者热之Cold disease shouldbe treated by warm therapy

　　热者寒之warm disease shouldbe treated by cold therapy

　　虚者补之deficiency syndromeshould be treated by tonifying therapy

　　实者泻之excess syndromeshould be treated by purgation therapy

　　治病必求其本 Treatment ofdiseases must concentrate on the root cause

　　同病异治 treatment ofthe same disease with different therapeutic methods

　　异病同治 treatment ofdifferent diseases with the same therapeutic method

　　[精气神]

　　清阳为天 The lucid Yangascends to form the heaven

　　浊阴为地 The turbid Yindescends to constitute the earth

　　气化 Qitransformation

　　升降出入 ascending,descending, going out, coming in

　　出入废则神机化灭，升降息则气立孤危。

　　If the activities of going out and coming intostop, the transforming mechanism of Shen (Spirit) will be damaged; if theactivities of ascending and descending stop, Qi will be immediately isolatedand endangered.

　　精气 Jingqi(Essential-Qi)

　　先天之精 prenatalessence

　　后天之精 postnatalessence

　　神 Shen (spirit)

　　形神学说 the theory ofbody and spirit

　　形与神俱 the body andthe Shen (Spirit) exist simultaneously

　　形神统一 the unitybetween the body and the Shen (Spirit)

　　[治则]

　　病邪 pathogenicfactors

　　正气存内，邪不可干。

　　Sufficient Healthy-Qi inside the body will preventinvasion of pathogenic factors.

　　邪之所凑，其气必虚。

　　The region where pathogenic factors invades mustbe deficient in Qi.

　　顺四时而适寒暑，和喜怒而安居处

　　Abidance to the changes of the four seasons,active adapation to cold and heat, harmony of emotional changes and peacefulliving.

　　养生防病，延年益寿

　　cultivating health, preventing disease andprolonging life

　　[气血津液]

　　气化 qi transformation

　　气机 qi movement

　　元气(原气)primordial ( yuan qi)

　　真气genuine qi (zhenqi)

　　宗气pectoral qi (zong qi)

　　营气nutritive qi( yingqi)

　　卫气defensive qi(wei ai)

　　气的推动功能 promotingaction of Qi

　　气的温煦功能 warming actionof Qi

　　气的防御功能 defendingaction of Qi

　　气的固摄功能 controllingaction of Qi

　　气的气化功能 action of QiTransformation

　　[血]

　　水谷精微 cereal essence

　　营气和津液 nutrient qiand body fluid

　　营养和滋润 nourishing andmoistening

　　血主濡之。

　　Blood is responsible for nurturing body.

　　中焦受气取汁，变化而赤，是谓血。

　　The middle energizer receives qi, takes the juiceand transforms into red liquid called blood.

　　血虚 blooddeficiency/asthenia

　　血瘀 bloodstasis/stagnation

　　血热 blood-heat

　　血寒 blood-cold

　　出血 hemorrhage

　　[津液]

　　津液Body fluid /Jin andYe

　　稠厚度thickness

　　成分，功能，分布property,function,distribution

　　分泌物secreta

　　胆汁、肠液、鼻涕、眼泪、汗液、尿液gastric juice, intestinal juice, nasal discharge, tears, sweat, urine

　　形成formation

　　分布distribution

　　排泄excretion

　　脾的传输transmitting of thespleen

　　肺的宣降dispersing anddescenging of the lung

　　肾的蒸腾气化steaming andtransforming of the kidney

　　三焦为通道the triple energizerserve as the passage-way

　　饮入于胃，游溢精气，上输于脾，脾气散精，上归于肺，通调水道，下输膀胱，水精四布，五经并行。

　　After food and water have entered the stomach,they are digested and transformed into food essence and then, transmittedupward to the spleen, which disperses the essence upward to the lung and thelung regulates water pathways downward to the urinary bladder. And by doing sobody fluid is finally disseminated to all parts of the body along all themeridians and collaterals.

　　body fluid is formed from food and water bydigestion and absorption of the stomach, separating the clarity from theturbidity of the small intestine and tramformation of the spleen; thedistribution and excretion of body fluid are accomplished by the joint actionof many zang-fu organ, such as the transforming function of the spleen, thedispersing and descending function of the lung, the steaming and ascendingfunction of the kidney; and body fluid takes triple energizer as itspassageway for distribution and excretion.

　　(1)津液由胃中消化吸收、小肠进行分清别浊、脾运化的水谷中形成。(2)津液的分布和排泄由许多脏腑组织共同完成，如脾的运化功能、肺的宣发肃降功能、肾的蒸发沉降功能。(3)津液以三焦为通道进行分布和排泄。

　　[藏象学说]The Theory ofVisceral Manifestations

　　脏腑 the internalorgans,viscera.

　　藏/脏 solid organs, viscera, depots, zang organs, yin organs

　　府/腑 hollow organs, bowels (the intestines), palaces, fu organs, yang organs

　　五脏 five viscera,five zang organs, the yin organs

　　六腑 six bowels,six fu organs, the yang organs

　　心，肝，脾，肺，肾

　　heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney

　　胆，胃，大肠，小肠，膀胱，三焦

　　gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, smallintestine, (urinary) bladder, triple energizer/burner

　　奇恒之腑 extraordinaryfu organs

　　脑、髓、骨、脉、胆、女子胞

　　brain, marrow, bone, vessel, gallbladder, uterus

　　心包 pericardium

　　上/中/下焦 upper/ middle/lower energizer/burner

　　命门 gate of life, life gate, vital gate, gate of vitality

　　苗窍 signal orifice

　　膻中 thoracic center

　　膜(募)原 interior-exteriorinterspace

　　五神 five emotions

　　五华 five lustre

　　五体 five bodyconstituents

　　五志 five minds

　　五液 five humors

　　七情 seven emotions

　　膏肓cardio-diaphgramaticinterspace

　　丹田Dantan /Elixir field

　　赤白肉际：dorso-ventralboundary (of the hand or foot),

　　house of blood (血府): blood vessel

　　house of marrow (髓府): bone

　　sea of blood (血海): liver (orconception vessel)

　　sea of marrow (髓海): brain

　　blood chamber (血室): uterus (orconception vessel)

　　essence chamber (精室):life gate

　　藏精气而不泻 storing essencewithout leaking

　　传化物而不藏 digesting andtransporting food and drink without storing essence /transform food intoessence but not store it

　　心主血脉。The heart governs theblood and (blood ) vessels.

　　The heart regulates the flow of blood.(circulation)

　　心藏神。The heart stores thespirit.

　　心开窍于舌。The heart opens intothe tongue.

　　舌为心之苗窍。The tongue is thesprout of the heart.

　　心，其华在面。

　　The Heart’s brilliance manifests in the face.

　　The heart’s bloom is in the face.

　　The heart has its outward manifestations on theface.

　　心与小肠相表里。

　　The heart stands in interior-exterior relationshipwith the small intestine.

　　肺主气，通调水道。

　　The lung governs qi.

　　The lung regulates the waterways.

　　The lungs move and adjust the Water Channels.

　　肺主皮毛。

　　The lung governs the skin and [body] hair.

　　The lung is in charge of the body surface.

　　肺合皮毛。

　　The lung is interrelated with the skin and [body]hair.

　　The brilliance of the Lungs manifests in the bodyhair.

　　In other words, the Lungs regulate the secretionof sweat, the moistening of the skin, and resistance to External PerniciousInfluences.

　　肺开窍于鼻。The lung opens at thenose.

　　鼻为息道。The nose is the“thoroughfare for respiration”.

　　Many common nose and throat disorders aretherefore treated through the Lungs.

　　肺与大肠相表里。

　　The lung stands in interior-exterior relationshipwith the large intestine.

　　The lung governs qi and the heart governs blood.

　　肺为贮痰之器，脾为生痰之源。

　　The lung is the receptacle that holds phlegm andthe spleen is the source of phlegm formation.

　　肺为气之主，肾为气之根。

　　The lung is the governor of qi and the kidney isthe root of qi.

　　肺主一身之表。

　　The lung is in charge of the body surface.

　　肺主气，司呼吸。

　　The lung governs qi, performsrespiration/controlls breathing

　　主宣发肃降governsdisseminating, cleansing and descending/ governs diffusion, purification anddescending

　　通调水道 regulates thewaterways

　　肺朝百脉,主治节

　　The lung connecting all vessels/The lung faces allthe blood vessels, governs management and regulation

　　脾主运化水谷，输布精微。

　　The spleen governs movement (transportation) andtransformation of grain and water and distribution of its essence.

　　脾统血。

　　The spleen manages the blood.

　　脾主肌肉和四肢，开窍于口。

　　The spleen governs the flesh and limbs, and opensinto the mouth.

　　胃主受纳和腐熟水谷。

　　Take in, food intake

　　Decompose, digest food into chyme

　　The stomach governs intake and decomposition (digestion ) of grain and water.

　　升清

　　Send clarity (pure) upward

　　小肠主泌别清浊。

　　The small intestine governs separation of theclear and the turbid.

　　大肠主传化糟粕。

　　the large intestine governs transformation andconveyance of waste.

　　肝主疏泄。

　　The liver governs free coursing, which refers toliver qi’s physiological function of ensuring smooth free flow (of qi andblood).

　　Ensuring smooth and regular floe of qi;

　　胆汁的化生和排泄

　　Secretion and discharge of bile

　　Emotional disturbance: mental depression, impatience,etc.

　　肝藏血。

　　The liver stores blood.

　　肝藏血是指肝有贮存血液和调节血量的作用。

　　The liver is capable of retaining blood andregulating the amount of blood in the body.

　　食气入胃，淫精于肝。

　　Food qi enters the stomach and sends essence tothe liver.

　　肝主筋，其华在爪。

　　The liver governs the sinews; its bloom is thenails.

　　肝主筋。爪为筋之余。肝，其华在爪。

　　The liver governs the sinews: the movement of allthe sinews of the body is associated with the liver.

　　肝开窍于目。The liver opens atthe eyes.

　　肾藏精，主生长、发育和生殖。

　　The kidney stores essence (or essential qi), andis responsible for growth, development, and reproduction. (maturation)

　　肾主骨、生髓。

　　The kidney governs the bones and engenders marrow.

　　肾主水。

　　The kidney governs water.

　　肾开窍于耳和二阴。其华在发。

　　The kidney opens into the ears and the two yin(the two private parts: the urethra and anus) and its bloom is in the hair ofthe head.

　　Kidney yin (true yin, original yin) has a

　　moisten and nourish 滋养和濡润

　　warm and activate推动和温煦

　　produce and store essence 化生和贮藏精气

　　receive, trsport and transform water and food 受盛和传化水谷

　　Viscera inside the body must manifest themselvesexternally.

　　有诸内，必形诸外。

　　Kidney yin and kidney yang are in reality twoantagonistic and complementary aspects of kidney essential qi.

　　Detriment (damage or harm) to yin affects yang.

　　Detriment to yang affects yin

　　[病因]Etiology

　　邪，病邪 Evil; Pathogenicfactor; Pathogen

　　六淫six excesses; sixexogenous pathogenic factors; six climatic pathogenic factors; Six externalpernicious influences

　　风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火 wind, cold,summer-heat, dampness, dryness,fire

　　外感六淫diseases caused byexogenous pathogenic factor

　　六气Six qi;Six naturalfactors;Six climatic factors;Six climatic influences;Six exogenous qi

　　疫疠(疠气)Pestilence;pestilential qi

　　内生五邪 Five EndogenousPathogenic Factors;Five Internal Pernicious Influences

　　七情 seven emotions;seven affects

　　喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊 joy, anger, melancholy (sadness, worry), anxiety (pensiveness,contemplation), grief (sorrow), fear, fright

　　七情内伤internal damage dueto seven emotions

　　饮食Improper diet;imbalanced diet

　　内伤脾胃，百病由生。

　　Internal damage of the spleen and stomach willresult in the occurrence of various diseases./The occurrence of variousdiseases may result from the internal damage of the spleen and stomach.

　　外伤 traumaticinjuries

　　跌打损伤，金刃伤，虫兽咬伤 Traumatic injuries due to fall, cuts, insect or animal bites

　　痰饮 Phlegm-fluid

　　瘀血 Blood stasis