美国统一商法典翻译模板 （中英文 第2A-532至3-403款）

　　§ 2A-532. LESSOR'S RIGHTS TO RESIDUAL INTEREST. 出租人对剩余利益的权利

　　In addition to any other recovery permitted by this Article or other law, the lessor may recover from the lessee an amount that will fully compensate the lessor for any loss of or damage to the lessor's residual interest in the goods caused by the default of the lessee.

　　除本篇或其他法令允许的任何其他追回权之外，出租人从承租人追回一笔钱款，该金额将充分补偿出租人由于货物的任何灭失或损害，即对出租人在货物上的、由于承租人的违约行为所引起的剩余权益的补偿。

　　U.C.C. - ARTICLE 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS-流通票据

　　PART 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS [Table of Contents] 一般规定与定义

　　§ 3-101. SHORT TITLE. 简略名称

　　This Article may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments.

　　本篇可被引用为统一商法典流通票据。

　　§ 3-102. SUBJECT MATTER. 主题

　　(a) This Article applies to negotiable instruments. It does not apply to money, to payment orders governed by Article 4A, or to securities governed by Article 8.

　　(b) If there is conflict between this Article and Article 4 or 9, Articles 4 and 9 govern.

　　(c) Regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and operating circulars of the Federal Reserve Banks supersede any inconsistent provision of this Article to the extent of the inconsistency.

　　(a) 本篇适用于流通票据。不适用于货币、第4a篇调整的托付单(payment orders)、或者第8篇调整的有价证券。

　　(b) 若本篇与第4篇或第9篇相冲突，以第4篇或第9篇为准。

　　(c) 《联邦储备系统董事会规则》及联邦储备银行的操作函件于不一致范围内代替本篇任何不一致的规定。

　　§ 3-103. DEFINITIONS. 定义

　　(a) In this Article: 本篇中：

　　(1) "Acceptor" means a drawee who has accepted a draft.

　　(2) "Consumer account" means an account established by an individual primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.

　　(3) "Consumer transaction" means a transaction in which an individual incurs an obligation primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.

　　(4) "Drawee" means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.

　　(5) "Drawer" means a person who signs or is identified in a draft as a person ordering payment.

　　(6) [reserved]

　　(7) "Maker" means a person who signs or is identified in a note as a person undertaking to pay.

　　(8) "Order" means a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction. The instruction may be addressed to any person, including the person giving the instruction, or to one or more persons jointly or in the alternative but not in s统一商法典ession. An authorization to pay is not an order unless the person authorized to pay is also instructed to pay.

　　(1) 接受者指已经接受汇票的付款人。

　　(2) 消费者帐户指由个人主要为个人、家人或者家庭目的设立的帐户。

　　(3) "消费交易"指一个个人主要未个人、家人、或者家庭之目的招致义务的交易。

　　(4) "付款人" 汇票所指定付款的人。

　　(5) "开票人" 指签名于汇票中或者汇票中确定的作为指示付款的人。

　　(6) [reserved]

　　(7) "制作人"指签名于票据中或者票据确定的承担付款义务的人。

　　(8) "指示"指作出说明的人支付金钱的书面说明。 该说明可以被呈递给任何人，包括作出说明的人，或者给一个人或者连带的更多人或者二中择一但非连续的人。付款委托书不是一条指示，除非受托付款人也被指示去付款。

　　(9) "Ordinary care" in the case of a person engaged in business means observance of reasonable commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with respect to the business in which the person is engaged. In the case of a bank that takes an instrument for processing for collection or payment by automated means, reasonable commercial standards do not require the bank to examine the instrument if the failure to examine does not violate the bank's prescribed procedures and the bank's procedures do not vary unreasonably from general banking usage not disapproved by this Article or Article 4.

　　(10) "Party" means a party to an instrument.

　　(11) "Principal obligor," with respect to an instrument, means the accommodated party or any other party to the instrument against whom a secondary obligor has recourse under this article.

　　(12) "Promise" means a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay. An acknowledgment of an obligation by the obligor is not a promise unless the obligor also undertakes to pay the obligation.

　　(13) "Prove" with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (Section 1-201(b)(8)).

　　(14) [reserved]

　　(15) "Remitter" means a person who purchases an instrument from its issuer if the instrument is payable to an identified person other than the purchaser.

　　(9) 在 一个人从事商务时的"通常的注意"指遵守关于其所从事的商务，在其所处地区占优势的合理的商业标准。在银行取得票据以通过自动化方式处理收款或者付款的情 形，合理的商业标准不要求银行核对票据，如果未核对票据不违反该银行的规定程序，并且该银行的规定没有不合理地不同于本篇或第4篇不支持的一般银行惯例。

　　(10) "当事人" 指票据上的当事人。

　　(11) "principal obligor,"(第一债务人) 关于一张票据，指融通人，或者任何其他票据当事人，次债务人根据本篇对其享有追索权的当事人。

　　(12) "承诺指是一项付款的书面保证，它由承担付款义务的人签署。 债务人的债务确认书不构成承诺，除非该债务人也承担履行债务的义务。

　　(13) 关于一项事实的"证明" 指满足证明事实的负担 (§ 1-201(b)(8))。

　　(14) [reserved]

　　(15) "remitter汇款人指从出票人处购买票据的人，若该票据应对除购买人之外的特定的人付款。

　　(16) "Remotely-created consumer item" means an item drawn on a consumer account, which is not created by the payor bank and does not bear a handwritten signature purporting to be the signature of the drawer.

　　(17) "Secondary obligor," with respect to an instrument, means (a) an indorser or an accommodation party, (b) a drawer having the obligation described in Section 3-414(d), or (c) any other party to the instrument that has recourse against another party to the instrument pursuant to Section 3-116(b).

　　(b) Other definitions applying to this Article and the sections in which they appear are:

　　(16) "远程消费者项目指 an item drawn on a consumer account, which is not created by the payor bank and does not bear a handwritten 签名 purporting to be the 签名 of the 开票人.

　　(17) "次债务人"，在票据方面，指(a) an 背书人 or an accommodation party, (b)承担§ 3-414(d)规定的义务的开票人，或者 (c) 依照§ 3-116(b)对其他票据当事人具有追索权的任何其他票据当事人。

　　(b) 适用于本篇和本节的其他定义是：

　　§ 3-104. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT. 票据流通票据.

　　(a) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d), "negotiable instrument" means an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount of money, with or without interest or other charges described in the promise or order, if it:

　　(1) is payable to bearer or to order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder;

　　(2) is payable on demand or at a definite time; and

　　(3) does not state any other undertaking or instruction by the person promising or ordering payment to do any act in addition to the payment of money, but the promise or order may contain (i) an undertaking or power to give, maintain, or protect collateral to secure payment, (ii) an authorization or power to the holder to confess judgment or realize on or dispose of collateral, or (iii) a waiver of the benefit of any law intended for the advantage or protection of an obligor.

　　(b) "Instrument" means a negotiable instrument.

　　(c) An order that meets all of the requirements of subsection (a), except paragraph (1), and otherwise falls within the definition of "check" in subsection (f) is a negotiable instrument and a check.

　　(d) A promise or order other than a check is not an instrument if, at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder, it contains a conspicuous statement, however expressed, to the effect that the promise or order is not negotiable or is not an instrument governed by this Article.

　　(a) 除非 (c) 和 (d)款另有规定，"流通票据指支付确定金额的金钱的无条件的承诺或者指示，附加或者不附加利息或者其他费用，如果该票据：

　　(1) 对持票人应付，或者在出票时指示或者第一次被持票人占有时;

　　(2) 是见票即付或者定期付款;并且

　　(3) 承诺或者指示付款的人除支付金钱之外，不规定任何其他的承诺或者指示做任何行为，但是该承诺或指示可以包含(i) 给予、维持、或者保护抵押品以保证付款的承诺或者权利， (ii) 给持票人承认判决或者变卖、处分抵押品的授权或者权利，或者 (iii) 任何法律规定的债务人利益或者保护的利益的放弃。

　　(b) "票据指流通票据。

　　(c) 满足(a)款所有条件的指示，除 (1)段外，并且别的方式符合(f)款规定的汇票的定义范围是流通票据和支票。

　　(d) 除支票外，一项承诺或者指示不构成票据，如果在出票时或者其第一次由持票人占有时，其包含一条明显的、但不是明示的陈述，该陈述的大意是该承诺或者指示不可流通或者不构成本篇所调整的票据。

　　(e) An instrument is a "note" if it is a promise and is a "draft" if it is an order. If an instrument falls within the definition of both "note" and "draft," a person entitled to enforce the instrument may treat it as either.

　　(f) "Check" means (i) a draft, other than a documentary draft, payable on demand and drawn on a bank or (ii) a cashier's check or teller's check. An instrument may be a check even though it is described on its face by another term, such as "money order."

　　(g) "Cashier's check" means a draft with respect to which the drawer and drawee are the same bank or branches of the same bank.

　　(h) "Teller's check" means a draft drawn by a bank (i) on another bank, or (ii) payable at or through a bank.

　　(i) "Traveler's check" means an instrument that (i) is payable on demand, (ii) is drawn on or payable at or through a bank, (iii) is designated by the term "traveler's check" or by a substantially similar term, and (iv) requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the instrument.

　　(j) "Certificate of deposit" means an instrument containing an acknowledgment by a bank that a sum of money has been received by the bank and a promise by the bank to repay the sum of money. A certificate of deposit is a note of the bank.

　　(f) "支票指 (i) 汇票，除押汇汇票(documentary draft)之外，见票即付并在银行提款或 (ii) 银行本票或teller"s check。票据可以是支票，即使在其表明描述有其他用语，例如汇票("money order) 。

　　(g) "银行本票指关于该汇票，开票人与付款人是同一银行或者同一银行的分支机构。

　　(h) "teller"s check指由银行提款的汇票(i) 在另一个银行，或者 (ii) 在一个银行应付或通过一个银行应付的票据。

　　(i) " 旅行支票指这样一张票据 (i) 是见票即付(payable on demand), (ii) 在银行领取、或在银行付款或通过银行付款， (iii) 通过 "旅行支票" 或其他实质上类似的用语指明，及(iv) 作为一项付款条件，要求其印鉴样本留存于票据上的人作出副署。

　　(j) "存款单指包含银行出具的银行收到一笔钱的确认书、并且银行将归还该笔钱的承诺的票据。

　　§ 3-105. ISSUE OF INSTRUMENT. 票据.出票

　　(a) "Issue" means the first delivery of an instrument by the maker or drawer, whether to a holder or nonholder, for the purpose of giving rights on the instrument to any person.

　　(b) An unissued instrument, or an unissued incomplete instrument that is completed, is binding on the maker or drawer, but nonissuance is a defense. An instrument that is conditionally issued or is issued for a special purpose is binding on the maker or drawer, but failure of the condition or special purpose to be fulfilled is a defense.

　　(c) "Issuer" applies to issued and unissued instruments and means a maker or drawer of an instrument.

　　(a) "出票指制作人或开票人对票据的第一次交付，无论给持票人或非持票人，基于赋予票据上的权利给任何人的目的。

　　(b) 未发行的票据，或者被完成的未发行的不完全票据，对制作人或开票人具有约束力，但未发行是一项抗辩。附条件发行或者为特定目的发行的票据对制作人或开票人具有约束力，但条件的不成就或特定目的的实现是一项抗辩。

　　(c) "发行人"适用于已发行的票据和未发行的票据，指票据的制作人或开票人。

　　§ 3-106. UNCONDITIONAL PROMISE OR ORDER. 无条件的承诺或者指示.

　　(a) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of Section 3-104(a), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states (i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is subject to or governed by another record, or (iii) that rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another record. A reference to another record does not of itself make the promise or order conditional.

　　(b) A promise or order is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another record for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.

　　(c) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of Section 3-104(a). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument.

　　(d) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of Section 3-104(a); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.

　　(a) 除非本条另有规定，基于 § 3-104(a)的目的，承诺或者指示是无条件的，除非其陈述(i) 明示的付款条件，(ii) 该承诺或者指示从属于或者受其他记录调整，或(iii) 关于该承诺或指示的权利或者义务被陈述于其他记录中。对其他记录的参考说明本身不使该承诺或者指示附条件。

　　(b) 承 诺或者指示 is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another record for a statement of rights 关于 collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.

　　(c) 作为付款的条件，若承诺或者指示要求其印鉴样本留存于承诺或者指示上的人作出副署，该条件不使承诺或者指示为条件性的为 § 3-104(a)的目的。 若其印鉴样本留存于票据上的人未能在票据上副署，不能副署是对发行人的债务的抗辩，但是该不副署不妨碍票据受让人成为票据持票人。

　　(d) 若承诺或者指示在出票时，或者第一次由持票人占有时，包含一个陈述，可适用的法令或者行政法要求的，大意是发行人可以对原收款人主张的持票人或者受让人的权利受主张或抗辩的影响，承诺或者指示 因此不被使得符合§ 3-104(a)的条件;但若承诺或者指示是一张票据，不可能有票据的适时持票人。

　　§ 3-107. INSTRUMENT PAYABLE IN FOREIGN MONEY. 应外币支付的票据

　　Unless the instrument otherwise provides, an instrument that states the amount payable in foreign money may be paid in the foreign money or in an equivalent amount in dollars calculated by using the current bank-offered spot rate at the place of payment for the purchase of dollars on the day on which the instrument is paid.

　　除非票据另有规定，规定应付外币数量的票据可以以外币支付或者等价的美元支付，通过付款地的银行提供的汇率、票据应付日的美元销售价的等价的美元。

　　§ 3-108. PAYABLE ON DEMAND OR AT DEFINITE TIME. 见票即付或定期付款

　　(a) A promise or order is "payable on demand" if it (i) states that it is payable on demand or at sight, or otherwise indicates that it is payable at the will of the holder, or (ii) does not state any time of payment.

　　(b) A promise or order is "payable at a definite time" if it is payable on elapse of a definite period of time after sight or acceptance or at a fixed date or dates or at a time or times readily ascertainable at the time the promise or order is issued, subject to rights of (i) prepayment, (ii) acceleration, (iii) extension at the option of the holder, or (iv) extension to a further definite time at the option of the maker or acceptor or automatically upon or after a specified act or event.

　　(c) If an instrument, payable at a fixed date, is also payable upon demand made before the fixed date, the instrument is payable on demand until the fixed date and, if demand for payment is not made before that date, becomes payable at a definite time on the fixed date.

　　(a) 承诺或者指示为"见票即付"，若其 (i) 规定其为见票即付，或者另外指出其按照持票人的一致应付，或者 (ii) 不规定任何付款时间。

　　(b) 承 诺或者指示"定期付款" 若其在明确的一段时间经过后应付款，即在审阅或接受之后，或在一个固定的日期或期间、某时或某时期容易确定的承诺或者指示被发出时，下下列权利影响 (i) 预付款， (ii) 催告， (iii) 持有人选择的延展，或

　　(c) 若票据，应在确定的日期付款，也应根据在该确定的日期以前作出的请求付款，该票据为见票即付，直到该确定的日期，以及，若付款请求未在该日期之前作出，付款要求不在该日期之前作出，在该固定的日期的确定的时间应付款。

　　§ 3-109. PAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER. 持票人或指定人

　　(a) A promise or order is payable to bearer if it:

　　(1) states that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment;

　　(2) does not state a payee; or

　　(3) states that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.

　　(b) A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.

　　(c) An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially indorsed pursuant to Section 3-205(a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is indorsed in blank pursuant to Section 3-205(b).

　　(a) 承诺或者指示可向持票人付款，若其：

　　(1) 表明应对持票人付款或根据持票人的指示付款或以其他方式表明占用该承诺或指示的人有权主张付款;

　　(2) 不规定收款人;或

　　(3) 表明其应付款或应兑现的指示，或以其他方式表明其不应对特定的人付款。

　　(b) 不对持票人付款的承诺或者指示，应根据指示付款若其应付款 (i)根据特定的人的指示或 (ii) 对特定的人或指示。根据指示付款的承诺或者指示是应对特定的人付款。

　　(c) 应对持票人付款的票据可以成为应对特定的人付款，若被根据§ 3-205(a) 特别背书。应对特定的人付款的票据可以成为应对持票人付款， 若其被根据 § 3-205(b)在空白处背书。

　　§ 3-110. IDENTIFICATION OF PERSON TO WHOM INSTRUMENT IS PAYABLE.

　　确认收款人身份

　　(a) The person to whom an instrument is initially payable is determined by the intent of the person, whether or not authorized, signing as, or in the name or behalf of, the issuer of the instrument. The instrument is payable to the person intended by the signer even if that person is identified in the instrument by a name or other identification that is not that of the intended person. If more than one person signs in the name or behalf of the issuer of an instrument and all the signers do not intend the same person as payee, the instrument is payable to any person intended by one or more of the signers.

　　(b) If the signature of the issuer of an instrument is made by automated means, such as a check-writing machine, the payee of the instrument is determined by the intent of the person who supplied the name or identification of the payee, whether or not authorized to do so.

　　(c) A person to whom an instrument is payable may be identified in any way, including by name, identifying number, office, or account number. For the purpose of determining the holder of an instrument, the following rules apply:

　　(1) If an instrument is payable to an account and the account is identified only by number, the instrument is payable to the person to whom the account is payable. If an instrument is payable to an account identified by number and by the name of a person, the instrument is payable to the named person, whether or not that person is the owner of the account identified by number.

　　(2) If an instrument is payable to:

　　(i) a trust, an estate, or a person described as trustee or representative of a trust or estate, the instrument is payable to the trustee, the representative, or a s统一商法典essor of either, whether or not the beneficiary or estate is also named;

　　(ii) a person described as agent or similar representative of a named or identified person, the instrument is payable to the represented person, the representative, or a s统一商法典essor of the representative;

　　(iii) a fund or organization that is not a legal entity, the instrument is payable to a representative of the members of the fund or organization; or

　　(iv) an office or to a person described as holding an office, the instrument is payable to the named person, the incumbent of the office, or a s统一商法典essor to the incumbent.

　　(d) If an instrument is payable to two or more persons alternatively, it is payable to any of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced by any or all of them in possession of the instrument. If an instrument is payable to two or more persons not alternatively, it is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced only by all of them. If an instrument payable to two or more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons alternatively, the instrument is payable to the persons alternatively.

　　(a) 若超过一个人以票据的发行人的名义或代表其签名签收，而所有签名人并不打算以相同的人为收款人，票据应向签名人之一或更多打算的任何人 付款。

　　(b) 若票据的发行人的签名通过自动化的方式作出，例如核对笔迹机(check-writing machine)，票据的收款人根据提供收款人的名字或证明的人的目的决定，无论是否具有授权。

　　(c) 票据应向其付款的人可以通过任何方式确定，包括通过名字、识别码(identifying number)、办事处或者账号。基于决定票据持有人的目的，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 若一张票据应付于某一账号并且该账号仅仅通过号码确定，该票据应付于账号应付的人。若票据应付于通过号码和人的名字确定的账号，票据应付于该指定的人，无论该人是否是通过号码确定的帐户的所有人。

　　(2) 若票据应付予：

　　(i) 一个信托、不动产，或者规定为受托人或信托、不动产的代表的人，该票据应付于该受托人、代表或其继承人无论是否受益人或财产也被指定;

　　(ii) 规定为指定的或特定的人的代理人或类似的代表的人，该票据应付于该指定的人、代表或代表的继承人;

　　(iii) 一个不受法律实体的基金或组织，该票据应付给该基金或组织的成员的代表;或

　　(iv) 一个办事处或给一个规定的作为留守的人(holding an office)，该票据应付予指定的人、负责办事处的人或其接任者。

　　(d) 若 一张票据可向两个或者两个以上的人付款具有可选择性，则可向其中任何人付款，并且可以转让、清偿、或由占有该票据的其中的任何人或全部人要求履行。若一张 票据向两个或者两个以上的人付款不具有可选择性，则其可以给他们中的所有人并且可以流转、清偿或仅仅可以由他们所有人要求履行。

　　§ 3-111. PLACE OF PAYMENT. 付款地

　　Except as otherwise provided for items in Article 4, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.

　　除非第4篇有关条款另有规定，票据应在其规定的付款地付款。若没有规定付款地，票据应在其规定的付款人或者制作人住所地付款。若未规定住所地，付款地为付款 人或制作人的营业地。若付款人或制作人有不止一个营业地，付款地是有权行使票据权利的人所选择的付款人或制作人的任何营业地。若付款人或制作人没有营业 地，付款地为付款人或制作人的住所地。

　　§ 3-112. INTEREST. 利息

　　(a) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, (i) an instrument is not payable with interest, and (ii) interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument.

　　(b) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.

　　(a) 除非票据另有规定，(i)票据付款不应支付利息，并且 (ii) 附有利息的票据应从出票日起支付利息。

　　(b) 票据可 以规定一笔固定的或可变的金钱为利息，利息或者可以规定为一个固定的或可变的利率。利息之数量或利率可以在票据中以任何行使规定，并且可以规定票据不包含 的参照信息。若票据规定利息，但应付利息的数量不能按照记述确定，利息应按付款地有效和利息首次产生时的判决利率支付。

　　§ 3-113. DATE OF INSTRUMENT. .票据期限

　　(a) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after date. Except as provided in Section 4-401(c), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument.

　　(b) If an instrument is undated, its date is the date of its issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date it first comes into possession of a holder.

　　(a) 票据可以提前或者延迟。规定的日前决定付款的时间，若票据在期后的固定期间应付款。 除非§ 4-401(c)另有规定，见票即付的票据票据日期钱付款。

　　(b) 若票据未标日期，其日期为出票日;在票据未发行的情形，日期为第一手占有人占有的日期。

　　§ 3-114. CONTRADICTORY TERMS OF INSTRUMENT. 票据.票据的冲突条款

　　If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.

　　若票据包含矛盾的条款，打印条款优于印刷条款，手写条款优于前两者，词语优先于数码。

　　§ 3-115. INCOMPLETE INSTRUMENT. 不完整的票据

　　(a) "Incomplete instrument" means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers.

　　(b) Subject to subsection (c), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under Section 3-104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under Section 3-104, but, after completion, the requirements of Section 3-104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion.

　　(c) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under Section 3-407.

　　(d) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.

　　(a) "不完整票据指签署的书面文件，无论出票人是否签发，其内容表明，出票时其不完整，但出票人意图通过填写词语或数码使其完整。

　　(b) 取决于(c)款, 若不完整的票据是§ 3-104下的票据，该票据可以根据其条款执行，若其未完整，或者根据使其完整而增加的条款而执行。若不完整的票据不是§ 3-104下的票据，但，在完成之后，符合 § 3-104 的要求，票据可以根据使其完整而增加的条款而执行。

　　(c) 若未经出票人授权，填写词语或数码到不完整的票据上，产生§ 3-407下的不完整的票据的变更。

　　(d) 填写词语或数码到不完整的票据上是未经出票人授权的证明责任由主张没有授权的人负担。

　　§ 3-116. JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY; CONTRIBUTION. 连带责任

　　(a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, indorsers who indorse as joint payees, or anomalous indorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.

　　(b) Except as provided in Section 3-419(e) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.

　　(a) 除非票据另有规定，两个或者两个以上的人与作为共同的收款人而在票据上背书的票据的制作人、开票人、承兑人、背书人，在票据上承担相同的责任，或者反常背书人在其签署的地位上承担共同的或单独的责任。

　　(b) 除非§ 3-419(e)另有规定，或者相关当事人的协议另有约定，负有共同或单独的付款责任的当事人，有权根据可适用的法律，要求任何负有共同或单独的付款责任的当事人分担付款。

　　§ 3-117. OTHER AGREEMENTS AFFECTING INSTRUMENT. 影响票据的其他协议

　　Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.

　　取决于关于现时或以前的协议在证据之排除的可适用的法律，当事人就票据付款的义务可以通过债务人于有权主张票据权利的人之间的单独的协议变更、增加、撤销， 若该票据发行，或者义务产生基于该协议或者作为产生该协议的同一交易之部分。在本条之协议变更、增加、撤销义务的范围内，该协议是对债务之抗辩。

　　§ 3-118. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. 法定时效

　　(a) Except as provided in subsection (e), an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay a note payable at a definite time must be commenced within six years after the due date or dates stated in the note or, if a due date is accelerated, within six years after the accelerated due date.

　　(b) Except as provided in subsection (d) or (e), if demand for payment is made to the maker of a note payable on demand, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the note must be commenced within six years after the demand. If no demand for payment is made to the maker, an action to enforce the note is barred if neither principal nor interest on the note has been paid for a continuous period of 10 years.

　　(c) Except as provided in subsection (d), an action to enforce the obligation of a party to an unaccepted draft to pay the draft must be commenced within three years after dishonor of the draft or 10 years after the date of the draft, whichever period expires first.

　　(a) 除非(e)款另有规定，要求就定时付款票据负有付款义务的当事人履行付款义务的诉讼，必须在付款日、票据载明日之后六年内，或者，付款日提前的，在该提前的付款日之后六年内提起。

　　(b) 除非(d) 或(e)另有规定，见票即付的票据，一经提示付款，要求负有就票据付款义务的人履行义务的诉讼必须在提示后六年内行使。若未向制作人提示付款，而在持续的10年期间内，票据的本金及利息均未支付，则不得主张票据权利。

　　(c) 除非(d)款另有规定，要求对一未被承兑的票据负有付款义务的当事人履行付款义务的诉讼，必须在该票据被拒付后3年内或者出票日期后10年内提起，无论哪一期间先期满。

　　(d) 要求保付支票的承兑人、或者teller"s check, 银行本票、或旅行支票的出票人履行义务的诉讼，必须在向承兑人或者出票人提示付款之后3年内提起.

　　(d) An action to enforce the obligation of the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a teller's check, cashier's check, or traveler's check must be commenced within three years after demand for payment is made to the acceptor or issuer, as the case may be.

　　(e) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to a certificate of deposit to pay the instrument must be commenced within six years after demand for payment is made to the maker, but if the instrument states a due date and the maker is not required to pay before that date, the six-year period begins when a demand for payment is in effect and the due date has passed.

　　(f) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an accepted draft, other than a certified check, must be commenced (i) within six years after the due date or dates stated in the draft or acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable at a definite time, or (ii) within six years after the date of the acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable on demand.

　　(g) Unless governed by other law regarding claims for indemnity or contribution, an action (i) for conversion of an instrument, for money had and received, or like action based on conversion, (ii) for breach of warranty, or (iii) to enforce an obligation, duty, or right arising under this Article and not governed by this section must be commenced within three years after the [cause of action] accrues.

　　(e) 要求存款单的当事人对票据付款的义务之诉讼必须在对出票人(maker)提示付款之后6年内提起，但若票据指定一个期限，并且不要求出票人在此期限之前付款，该6年的期限开始于提示付款生效并且该期限经过后。

　　(f) 要求对被接受的汇票，除保付支票外，付款的义务之诉必须提起(i) 在付款期限或汇票指定的期限或接受之后六年内，若接受人的义务是定时付款，或 (ii) 在接受之后六年内，若接受人的义务是见票即付.

　　(g) 除 非由任何其他关于赔偿或补偿请求权的法律调整，一个诉讼(i) 由于票据只转换、具有及收到金钱、或类似的建立在转换基础上的诉讼， (ii) 由于违反担保，或 (iii) 要求履行一项债务、义务或产生于本篇的并且不受本条调整的权利必须在诉讼原因发生后三年内被提起。

　　§ 3-119. NOTICE OF RIGHT TO DEFEND ACTION. 诉讼权利的通知

　　In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this Article or Article 4, the defendant may give the third person notice of the litigation in a record, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (i) that the person notified may come in and defend and (ii) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.

　　在一个义务违反之诉中，根据本篇或第4篇第三人应承担责任，被告可以记录形式的起诉通知第三人，并且该被通知的人然后可以将任何类似的通知给应负责人的任何 其他人。若该通知陈述(i) 被通知的人可以加入诉讼并且可以抗辩及(ii) 不能如此做，在以后由作出通知的人提起的诉讼中，在任何与该两个诉讼共同的事实的决定方面，将约束被通知的人，被通知的人将由此受约束除非在及时的收到通 知之后其加入诉讼并抗辩。

　　PART 2. NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT [Table of Contents]

　　流通、转让和背书

　　§ 3-201. NEGOTIATION. 流通

　　(a) "Negotiation" means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.

　　(b) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its indorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.

　　(a) "流通指无论是出于自愿还是非自愿，除发行人之外的人让与对票据的占有给由此成为其占有人。

　　(b) 除汇款人的流转外，若票据应向特定的人付款，流通要求票据占有的让与及其由持有人作出的背书。若票据应向持票人付款，可以通过单独转让占有而流通。

　　§ 3-202. NEGOTIATION SUBJECT TO RESCISSION. 受废除影响的流通

　　(a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (i) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (ii) by fraud, duress, or mistake, or (iii) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.

　　(b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.

　　(a) 流通有效，即使被获得(i) 从一个幼儿、超越其权力的企业、或者无行为能力人，(ii) 通过欺诈、胁迫或错误，或 (iii) 违反义务或作为非法处理的部分。

　　(b) 在其他法律允许的范围内，流通可以被撤销或者可以受其他救济影响，但是那些救济不得坚持违反后续的适当占有人(holder in due course)、或善意地为票据付款并且不知道构成撤销或其他救济的基础的事实的人。

　　§ 3-203. TRANSFER OF INSTRUMENT; RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY TRANSFER.

　　票据之转让，受让人的权利

　　(a) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument.

　　(b) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument.

　　(c) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of indorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified indorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the indorsement is made.

　　(d) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this Article and has only the rights of a partial assignee.

　　a) 票据被转让当其由除发行人之外的人交付，基于给予收到交付的人请求履行票据义务的权利的目的时。

　　(b) 票据的让与，无论该让与是否构成流通，授予受让人出让人请求履行票据的任何权利，包括作为适当占有人的任何权利，但若受让人涉及影响票据的欺诈或非法行为，受让人不能通过转让，直接或间接从适当占有人获得适当占有人的权利。

　　(c) 除非另有约定，若票据有偿转让，而由于缺乏让与人的背书，受让人不成为持有人，则受让人具有特别要求让与人的不合格的背书的权利，但票据的流通不发生直到背书被作出。

　　(d) 若让与人声称决不转让完整的票据，票据的流通不发生。受让人不能获得本篇规定的权利并仅具有部分受让人的权利。

　　§ 3-204. INDORSEMENT. 背书.

　　(a) "Indorsement" means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring indorser's liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than indorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.

　　(b) "Indorser" means a person who makes an indorsement.

　　(c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an indorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified indorsement of the instrument.

　　(d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, indorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder's name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.

　　(a) "背书指签名，除作为出票人(maker)、开票人、或接受人的签名人外，单独或伴有其他用语作出在票据上基于下述目的 (i)票据的流通、(ii) 限制票据的付款，或 (iii) i引起背书人票据上的义务，但不管签名的目的，签名及其伴随用语是一个背书除非伴随用语、票据条款、签名地点、或其他具体情况明确表明该签名是为了背书之外的目的作出。基于决定一个签名是否被作出在票据上之目的，附于票据上的纸是票据的一部分。

　　(b) "背书人指作出一个背书的人。

　　(c) 基于确定票据的受让人是否是持有人的目的，转让票据上的担保权益的背书作为票据的不合格的背书是有效的。

　　(d) 若票据应付款予一个持有人，而票据上的名字不是该持有人的名字，背书可以由持有人以票据载明的名字作出或者以持有人的名义或两者的名义，但以两者名字的签名可以被要求由为票据付款或有偿取得票据或收款获得票据的人的要求作出。

　　§ 3-205. SPECIAL INDORSEMENT; BLANK INDORSEMENT; ANOMALOUS INDORSEMENT. 特别背书、空白背书、反常背书

　　(a) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the indorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a "special indorsement." When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person. The principles stated in Section 3-110 apply to special indorsements.

　　(b) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special indorsement, it is a "blank indorsement." When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed.

　　(c) The holder may convert a blank indorsement that consists only of a signature into a special indorsement by writing, above the signature of the indorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable.

　　(d) "Anomalous indorsement" means an indorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous indorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.

　　(a) 若票据的持有人作出一项背书，是应向特定的人付款还是应向持票人付款，并且背书特定一个人对于他其使该票据应向他付款，则其为 "特别背书。" 当特别地背书时，票据成为应向特定的人付款并且可以被流通仅仅按照该人的背书 。§ 3-110 规定的原则适用于特别背书。(b) 若一个背书由票据的持有人作出，并且其不是特别背书，则其为 "空白背书。" 当在空白处背书时，票据成为应向持票人付款，并在特别背书之前可以通过占有的单独让与流通。

　　(c) 持有人可以转化一张仅由签名组成的空白背书为特别背书，在背书人的签名上通过书面的用语特定票据应向其付款的人。

　　(d) "反常背书指非有票据持有人作出的背书。反常背书不影响票据可以被流通的方式。

　　§ 3-206. RESTRICTIVE INDORSEMENT. 限制性背书

　　(a) An indorsement limiting payment to a particular person or otherwise prohibiting further transfer or negotiation of the instrument is not effective to prevent further transfer or negotiation of the instrument.

　　(b) An indorsement stating a condition to the right of the indorsee to receive payment does not affect the right of the indorsee to enforce the instrument. A person paying the instrument or taking it for value or collection may disregard the condition, and the rights and liabilities of that person are not affected by whether the condition has been fulfilled.

　　(c) If an instrument bears an indorsement (i) described in Section 4-201(b), or (ii) in blank or to a particular bank using the words "for deposit," "for collection," or other words indicating a purpose of having the instrument collected by a bank for the indorser or for a particular account, the following rules apply:

　　(1) A person, other than a bank, who purchases the instrument when so indorsed converts the instrument unless the amount paid for the instrument is received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(2) A depositary bank that purchases the instrument or takes it for collection when so indorsed converts the instrument unless the amount paid by the bank with respect to the instrument is received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(3) A payor bank that is also the depositary bank or that takes the instrument for immediate payment over the counter from a person other than a collecting bank converts the instrument unless the proceeds of the instrument are received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(4) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), a payor bank or intermediary bank may disregard the indorsement and is not liable if the proceeds of the instrument are not received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.

　　(a) 限制向特定的人付款的背书，或者以其他方式禁止票据进一步的转让或流通的背书，不具有效力以阻止票据进一步的转让或流通。

　　(b) 规定被背书人收款权的条件的背书不影响被背书人要求执行票据的权利。对票据付款或有偿取得票据或收款的人可以漠视该条件，并且此人的权利和义务不受该条件是否被满足影响。

　　(c) 若票据具有下列背书 (i)§ 4-201(b)规定的背书，或 (ii) 空白背书，或对特定的银行使用这样的用语质押、托收或其他用语表明这样一个目的的用语，让该票据通过一个银行、为背书人或为特定的帐户收款，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 除银行外，购买票据的人作出上述背书时，侵占(converts)该票据，除非背书人收到关于票据支付的金额或者与背书一致地适用。

　　(2) 购买票据的、或由于托收取得票据的受托行作出上述背书时，侵占(converts)该票据，除非背书人收到银行关于票据支付的金额或者与背书一致地适用。

　　(3) 亦为受托行(depositary bank)的付款行，或者由于在柜台上即使支付而从除代收银行(collecting bank)外的人处取得票据的付款行，兑换(converts)该票据，除非背书人收到票据的收益，或者与背书一致地适用。

　　(4) 除非(3)款另有规定，付款行或中间银行可以漠视该背书，并且不承担责任，若背书人没有收到票据的收益，或者与背书一致地适用。

　　(d) Except for an indorsement covered by subsection (c), if an instrument bears an indorsement using words to the effect that payment is to be made to the indorsee as agent, trustee, or other fiduciary for the benefit of the indorser or another person, the following rules apply:

　　(1) Unless there is notice of breach of fiduciary duty as provided in Section 3-307, a person who purchases the instrument from the indorsee or takes the instrument from the indorsee for collection or payment may pay the proceeds of payment or the value given for the instrument to the indorsee without regard to whether the indorsee violates a fiduciary duty to the indorser.

　　(2) A subsequent transferee of the instrument or person who pays the instrument is neither given notice nor otherwise affected by the restriction in the indorsement unless the transferee or payor knows that the fiduciary dealt with the instrument or its proceeds in breach of fiduciary duty.

　　(e) The presence on an instrument of an indorsement to which this section applies does not prevent a purchaser of the instrument from becoming a holder in due course of the instrument unless the purchaser is a converter under subsection (c) or has notice or knowledge of breach of fiduciary duty as stated in subsection (d).

　　(f) In an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor has a defense if payment would violate an indorsement to which this section applies and the payment is not permitted by this section.

　　(d) 除(c)款包含的背书以外，若票据具有使用下述用语的背书，大意是应付款给作为代理人、受托人、或其他受托人的被背书人，该受托人为背书人或其他人的利益的，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 除非有违反§ 3-307规定的信托义务的通知，从被背书人处购买票据的人，或者由于收款或者付款而从被背书人处取得票据的人可以支付付款的收益或票据的对价给被背书人，而不考虑被背书人是否违反了对背书人的信托义务。

　　(2) 票据的后续受让人或者对票据付款的人既不被通知也不另外地受限制背书的影响，除非受让人或付款人知道受托人处理该票据或其收益违反信托义务。

　　(e) 本条适用的背书的票据上的人不阻止票据的购买人成为票据的适当持有人，除非该购买人是(c)款下的转换人(converter)，或者接到通知或知道(d)款规定的信托义务的违反。

　　(f) 在一个要求票据的当事人履行票据的付款义务的诉讼中，若付款将违反本条适用的背书，并且不被本条允许，债务人将可抗辩。

　　§ 3-207. REACQUISITION. 重新获得

　　Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel indorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An indorser whose indorsement is canceled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against any subsequent holder.

　　票据的重新获得发生，若通过流通或其他方式，票据被转让给以前的持有人。重新获得的票据以前的持有人可以取消在重新获得人第一次成为票据持有人之后作出的背 书。 若取消引起票据应对重新获得人付款或对持票人付款，该重新获得人可以流转该票据。其背书被取消的背书人被解除债务，并且该解除对于任何后续持有人 有效。

　　PART 3. ENFORCEMENT OF INSTRUMENTS [Table of Contents] 票据的执行

　　§ 3-301. PERSON ENTITLED TO ENFORCE INSTRUMENT. 有权执行票据的人

　　"Person entitled to enforce" an instrument means (i) the holder of the instrument, (ii) a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or (iii) a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to Section 3-309 or 3-418(d). A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.

　　"有权执行票据的人" 指 (i) 票据的持有人， (ii)享有持有人权利的占有票据的非持有人，或 (iii)有权依照§ 3-309或3-418(d) 执行票据的没有占有票据的人。一个人可以是即使此人不是票据的所有人或票据的非正当占有人，仍然有权执行票据的人。

　　§ 3-302. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE. .正当持票人

　　(a) Subject to subsection (c) and Section 3-106(d), "holder in due course" means the holder of an instrument if:

　　(1) the instrument when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity; and

　　(2) the holder took the instrument (i) for value, (ii) in good faith, (iii) without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series, (iv) without notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered, (v) without notice of any claim to the instrument described in Section 3-306, and (vi) without notice that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in Section 3-305(a).

　　(b) Notice of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding, is not notice of a defense under subsection (a), but discharge is effective against a person who became a holder in due course with notice of the discharge. Public filing or recording of a document does not of itself constitute notice of a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument.

　　(a) 受 (c) 款及§ 3-106(d)影响，正当持票人指票据的持有人，如果：

　　(1) 票据当发行或者流转到持有人时不具有伪造或者改变或者不是另外地不正常或不完整的明显的证据，引起对其真实性的质疑;及

　　(2) 持有人取得票据 (i) 有偿地，(ii) 善意地，(iii) 没有通知该票据已超期或已经被拒付，或关于另一张作为相同系列的部分发行的票据的付款有一个未补正瑕疵，(iv) 没有通知票据包含一个未授权的签名或票据已经被改变，(v) 没有通知对票据的规定在§ 3-306的任何主张，及 (vi) 没有通知任何当事人享有规定在§ 3-305(a)中的赔偿抗辩或主张

　　(b) 除破产程序中的清偿外，一方当事人的清偿通知不是(a)款下的抗辩的通知，但是清偿具有效力对于得到清偿通知的成为正当持有人的人。公开的文件或档案记录本身不构成抗辩通知、赔偿主张、或对票据的主张。

　　(c) Except to the extent a transferor or predecessor in interest has rights as a holder in due course, a person does not acquire rights of a holder in due course of an instrument taken (i) by legal process or by purchase in an execution, bankruptcy, or creditor's sale or similar proceeding, (ii) by purchase as part of a bulk transaction not in ordinary course of business of the transferor, or (iii) as the sessor in interest to an estate or other organization.

　　(d) If, under Section 3-303(a)(1), the promise of performance that is the consideration for an instrument has been partially performed, the holder may assert rights as a holder in due course of the instrument only to the fraction of the amount payable under the instrument equal to the value of the partial performance divided by the value of the promised performance.

　　(e) If (i) the person entitled to enforce an instrument has only a security interest in the instrument and (ii) the person obliged to pay the instrument has a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument that may be asserted against the person who granted the security interest, the person entitled to enforce the instrument may assert rights as a holder in due course only to an amount payable under the instrument which, at the time of enforcement of the instrument, does not exceed the amount of the unpaid obligation secured.

　　(f) To be effective, notice must be received at a time and in a manner that gives a reasonable opportunity to act on it.

　　(g) This section is subject to any law limiting status as a holder in due course in particular classes of transactions.

　　(c) 除在让与人或者权益的前任享有作为正当持票人的权利范围内之外，一个人不获得票据的正当持票人的权利，该权利取得(i) 通过法令程序或者通过在实行、破产或债权人的销售或类似程序中购买，(ii) 通过作为不在让与人的通常商务交易过程中的大宗交易的部分的购买，或(iii) 作为不动产权益的继承者或其他组织。

　　(d) 在§ 3-303(a)(1)下，如果票据的对价的履行的保证已经被部分履行，持票人可以主张作为票据的正当持票人的权利仅仅对票据在票据下应付金额等于部分由保证的履行的价值分割的部分履行的价值的部分。

　　(e) 若(i)有权执行票据的人仅仅有一个担保物权在票据上并且(ii)有义务对票据付款的人有一个抗辩、赔偿主张或对票据的可以被向被赋予担保物权的人主张的主张 ，该有权执行票据的人可以主张作为正当持票人的权利仅仅对于这样一个可付金额，即在票据执行时，不超过被担保的未付债务的金额,。

　　(f) 成其为有效，通知必须被收到在一次并且在一个方式，该方式须能给一个合理的机会按其行动。

　　(g) 本条受任何限制作为正当持票人在特定的类型的交易中的身份的法律影响。

　　§ 3-303. VALUE AND CONSIDERATION. 价值和对价

　　(a) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if:

　　(1) the instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent the promise has been performed;

　　(2) the transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding;

　　(3) the instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against any person, whether or not the claim is due;

　　(4) the instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument; or

　　(5) the instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for the incurring of an irrevocable obligation to a third party by the person taking the instrument.

　　(b) "Consideration" means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in subsection (a), the instrument is also issued for consideration.

　　(a) 票据被发行或有偿转让如果：

　　(1) 由于一个履行承诺，该票据被发行或转让，在该承诺已经履行的范围内;

　　(2) 受让人获得担保物权或其他票据上的除通过司法程序获得的留置权之外的留置权;

　　(3) 票据被发行或转让，以作为一个先行的对任何人的主张的付款或作为其担保，无论该主张是否应当; (4) 票据被发行或转让，交换一张流通票据;或

　　(5) 票据被发行或转让，交换取得票据的人对第三人的不可撤销的义务的发生。

　　(b) "对价指足以支持一项简易合同的任何对价。票据的开票人或制作人享有一项抗辩，若该票据没有对价基础而发行。若票据由于履行的承诺而发行，发行人在承诺的履行的范围内、承诺的履行是应当的并且该承诺尚未被履行范围内享有一项抗辩。若票据如 (a)规定的有偿发行，该票据也由于对价而发行。

　　§ 3-304. OVERDUE INSTRUMENT. 过期票据

　　(a) An instrument payable on demand becomes overdue at the earliest of the following times:

　　(1) on the day after the day demand for payment is duly made;

　　(2) if the instrument is a check, 90 days after its date; or

　　(3) if the instrument is not a check, when the instrument has been outstanding for a period of time after its date which is unreasonably long under the circumstances of the particular case in light of the nature of the instrument and usage of the trade.

　　(a) 在下列时间的最早时起，见票即付的票据成为超期：

　　(1) 付款要求被适时作出日的次日;

　　(2) 若票据是支票，在其日期后90日;或

　　(3) 若票据不是支票，当该票据已经是已发行了的时，根据票据的性质及贸易用途，在特定案子的情形下，在不合理长的日期之后的一段时间

　　(b) With respect to an instrument payable at a definite time the following rules apply:

　　(1) If the principal is payable in installments and a due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue upon default under the instrument for nonpayment of an installment, and the instrument remains overdue until the default is cured.

　　(2) If the principal is not payable in installments and the due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the due date.

　　(3) If a due date with respect to principal has been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the accelerated due date.

　　(c) Unless the due date of principal has been accelerated, an instrument does not become overdue if there is default in payment of interest but no default in payment of principal.

　　(b) 关于指日付款的票据，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 若本金应分期支付并且到期日没有提前，由于分期款的一期未付，该票据成为超期，票据保持其超期性直到该不履行被补救。

　　(2) 若本金不应分期支付并且到期日没有提前，票据在到期日之后的次日成为超期。

　　(3) 若关于本金的到期日提前，票据在提前的到期日之后的次日成为超期。

　　(c) 除非本金的到期日提前，若不履行利息的付款但没有不履行本金的付款，票据不成为超期。

　　§ 3-305. DEFENSES AND CLAIMS IN RECOUPMENT. 赔偿抗辩和主张

　　(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the right to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an instrument is subject to the following:

　　(1) a defense of the obligor based on (i) infancy of the obligor to the extent it is a defense to a simple contract, (ii) duress, lack of legal capacity, or illegality of the transaction which, under other law, nullifies the obligation of the obligor, (iii) fraud that induced the obligor to sign the instrument with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity to learn of its character or its essential terms, or (iv) discharge of the obligor in insolvency proceedings;

　　(2) a defense of the obligor stated in another section of this Article or a defense of the obligor that would be available if the person entitled to enforce the instrument were enforcing a right to payment under a simple contract; and

　　(3) a claim in recoupment of the obligor against the original payee of the instrument if the claim arose from the transaction that gave rise to the instrument; but the claim of the obligor may be asserted against a transferee of the instrument only to reduce the amount owing on the instrument at the time the action is brought.

　　(b) The right of a holder in due course to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument is subject to defenses of the obligor stated in subsection (a)(1), but is not subject to defenses of the obligor stated in subsection (a)(2) or claims in recoupment stated in subsection (a)(3) against a person other than the holder.

　　(a) 除非本条另有规定，要求票据的当事人履行对票据付款的义务的权利受下列影响：

　　(1) 债务人的抗辩以下列为基础(i) 债务人的幼年在其范围内是对简易合同的抗辩，(ii) 胁迫、无法律能力、或者交易违法，根据其他法律，使债务人的义务无效， (iii) 欺诈，该欺诈导致债务人在既不知道也没有合理的机会去知道其性质或其必要条款的情况下，签署票据，或者(iv) 债务人在破产程序中的清偿;

　　(2) 债务人规定在本篇其他条款中的抗辩，或，若有权执行票据的人正行使一项在一个简易合同下的对付款的权利，债务人将可获得的抗辩;及

　　(3) 债务人对票据的原收款人的索赔权，若该索赔权产生于引起票据的交易;但债务人的权利可以向票据的受让人主张仅限于减少在诉讼提起时票据未付金额.

　　(b) 正当持票人要求当事人履行付款义务的权利受(a)(1)规定的债务人的抗辩的影响，但不受(a)(2) 规定的债务人的抗辩的影响，或者(a)(3)规定的对于除持票人之外的人的索赔权的影响。

　　(c) Except as stated in subsection (d), in an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor may not assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument (Section 3-306) of another person, but the other person's claim to the instrument may be asserted by the obligor if the other person is joined in the action and personally asserts the claim against the person entitled to enforce the instrument. An obligor is not obliged to pay the instrument if the person seeking enforcement of the instrument does not have rights of a holder in due course and the obligor proves that the instrument is a lost or stolen instrument.

　　(d) In an action to enforce the obligation of an accommodation party to pay an instrument, the accommodation party may assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument any defense or claim in recoupment under subsection (a) that the accommodated party could assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, except the defenses of discharge in insolvency proceedings, infancy, and lack of legal capacity.

　　(e) In a consumer transaction, if law other than this article requires that an instrument include a statement to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to a claim or defense that the issuer could assert against the original payee, and the instrument does not include such a statement: (1) the instrument has the same effect as if the instrument included such a statement; (2) the issuer may assert against the holder or transferee all claims and defenses that would have been available if the instrument included such a statement; and (3) the extent to which claims may be asserted against the holder or transferee is determined as if the instrument included such a statement.

　　(f) This section is subject to law other than this article that establishes a different rule for consumer transactions.

　　(c) 除非(d)款规定外，要求当事人为票据履行付款义务之诉讼中，债务人不得主张对于有权要求执行票据的人的抗辩、索赔权、或其他人的票据 (§ 3-306) 的主张，但其他人对票据的主张可以被债务人主张，若其他人加入诉讼并且亲自主张对于有权执行票据的人的权利。债务人不必对票据付款，若寻求执行票据的人没有正当持票人的权利并且债务人证明该票据不是遗失物、盗窃物。(d) 在要求执行accommodation party 履行票据付款义务之诉中， accommodation party 可以对有权执行票据的人主张任何抗辩或索赔权，只要根据(a)款accommodated party 可以向有权执行票据的人主张，除在破产程序中的清偿、无行为能力、缺乏法律能力等抗辩外。

　　(e) 在消费租赁中，若除本篇之外的法律要求票据包括一个陈述，大意是持票人或受让人的权利受出票人可以向原收款人主张的权利或抗辩影响，并且该票据不包括这样 一个陈述：(1)票据具有与若该票据包括这样一项陈述相同的效力; (2) 发行人可以向持票人或受让人主张，若票据包括这样一个陈述，将已经是可获得的所有权利和抗辩;及 (3) 若该票据包括这样一项陈述，可以向持票人或受让人主张的权利的范围如此决定。

　　(f) 本条受除本篇之外的为消费交易确立不同的规则的法律影响。

　　§ 3-306. CLAIMS TO AN INSTRUMENT. 票据追索权

　　A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or possessory right in the instrument or its proceeds, including a claim to rescind a negotiation and to recover the instrument or its proceeds. A person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.

　　除享有正当持票人权利的人之外，取得一张票据的人，受对票据的财产权或所有权或票据收益的影响，包括一项撤销一项流转及去追回票据或其收益的主张影响。享有正当持票人的权利的人不受对票据的主张的限制。

　　§ 3-307. NOTICE OF BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY. 违反受托义务的通知

　　(a) In this section: 本条中：

　　(1) "Fiduciary" means an agent, trustee, partner, corporate officer or director, or other representative owing a fiduciary duty with respect to an instrument.

　　(2) "Represented person" means the principal, beneficiary, partnership, corporation, or other person to whom the duty stated in paragraph (1) is owed.

　　(b) If (i) an instrument is taken from a fiduciary for payment or collection or for value, (ii) the taker has knowledge of the fiduciary status of the fiduciary, and (iii) the represented person makes a claim to the instrument or its proceeds on the basis that the transaction of the fiduciary is a breach of fiduciary duty, the following rules apply:

　　(1) Notice of breach of fiduciary duty by the fiduciary is notice of the claim of the represented person.

　　(2) In the case of an instrument payable to the represented person or the fiduciary as such, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is (i) taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary, (ii) taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, or (iii) deposited to an account other than an account of the fiduciary, as such, or an account of the represented person.

　　(1) "受托人指一个代理人、托管人、法人职员或董事、或其他关于一张票据应付受托义务的代表。

　　(2) "被代表的人指本人、合伙、法人、或其他人，即应向其尽(1)段规定的义务的人。

　　(b) 若(i) 一张票据为付款或收款或对价的目的被从受托人处取得， (ii) 取得人知道受托人的受托身份，及(iii)被代表的人作出对票据或其收益的主张，以受托交易违反受托义务为依据，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 受托人违反受托义务的通知是被代表的人的主张的通知。

　　(2) 在 票据应向被代表的人或受托人付款同样的情形，取得人有违反受托义务的通知，若票据是(i) 作为付款或者作为取得人知道是为受托人的个人债务的抵押品而取得， (ii)在一个取得人知道是为受托人个人利益的交易中取得，或 (iii) 质押到除受托人的帐户之外的一个帐户，同样地，或者一个被代表人的帐户。

　　(3) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary as such, and made payable to the fiduciary personally, the taker does not have notice of the breach of fiduciary duty unless the taker knows of the breach of fiduciary duty.

　　(4) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary as such, to the taker as payee, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is (i) taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary, (ii) taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, or (iii) deposited to an account other than an account of the fiduciary, as such, or an account of the represented person.

　　(3) 若票据被发行由被代表人或受托人，同样地，并且应向受托人个人付款，取得人没有违反受托义务的通知除非取得人知道受托义务的违反。

　　(4) 若 票据由被代表人或受托人，同样地，发行给作为收款人的取得人，取得人有违反受托义务的通知，若票据是(i) 作为付款或者作为取得人知道是为受托人的个人债务的抵押品而取得，(ii) 在一个取得人知道是为受托人个人利益的交易中取得，或(iii) 质押到除受托人的帐户之外的一个帐户，同样地，或者一个被代表人的帐户。

　　§ 3-308. PROOF OF SIGNATURES AND STATUS AS HOLDER IN DUE COURSE.

　　正当持票人身份和签名之证据

　　(a) In an action with respect to an instrument, the authenticity of, and authority to make, each signature on the instrument is admitted unless specifically denied in the pleadings. If the validity of a signature is denied in the pleadings, the burden of establishing validity is on the person claiming validity, but the signature is presumed to be authentic and authorized unless the action is to enforce tie liability of the purported signer and the signer is dead or incompetent at the time of trial of the issue of validity of the signature. If an action to enforce the instrument is brought against a person as the undisclosed principal of a person who signed the instrument as a party to the instrument, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the defendant is liable on the instrument as a represented person under Section 3-402(a).

　　(b) If the validity of signatures is admitted or proved and there is compliance with subsection (a), a plaintiff producing the instrument is entitled to payment if the plaintiff proves entitlement to enforce the instrument under Section 3-301, unless the defendant proves a defense or claim in recoupment. If a defense or claim in recoupment is proved, the right to payment of the plaintiff is subject to the defense or claim, except to the extent the plaintiff proves that the plaintiff has rights of a holder in due course which are not subject to the defense or claim.

　　(a) 在关于票据的诉讼中，在票据上的每个签名的真实性及作出的授权被承认除非在答辩中被特别否认。若签名的有效性在在答辩中被否认，证明有效性的举证责任由主 张有效性的人负担，但该签名被假定为真实的且具有授权，除非该诉讼是去执行被声称的签名人的义务并且该签名人已经死亡或在签名的有效性问题的诉讼时无行为 能力. 若执行票据的诉讼对作为票据当事人而签署票据的人的未公开的委托人提起，原告就被告作为§ 3-402(a)规定的被代表人在票据上负有义务方面负担举证责任。

　　(b) 若签名的有效性被承认或被证明，并且符合 (a)款规定，制造票据的原告有权主张付款，若原告证明依照 § 3-301规定的执行票据的权利，除非被告证明一个索赔权或赔偿抗辩。若一个索赔权或赔偿抗辩被证明，原告主张付款的权利受该抗辩或主张的影响，除原告证明其享有正当持票人的不受该抗辩或主张影响的权利范围之外。

　　§ 3-309. ENFORCEMENT OF LOST, DESTROYED, OR STOLEN INSTRUMENT.

　　遗失、毁损或被盗票据之执行

　　(a) A person not in possession of an instrument is entitled to enforce the instrument if:

　　(1) the person seeking to enforce the instrument

　　(A) was entitled to enforce it the instrument when loss of possession occurred, or

　　(B) has directly or indirectly acquired ownership of the instrument from a person who was entitled to enforce the instrument when loss of possession occurred;

　　(2) the loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the person or a lawful seizure; and

　　(3) the person cannot reasonably obtain possession of the instrument because the instrument was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined, or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process.

　　(b) A person seeking enforcement of an instrument under subsection (a) must prove the terms of the instrument and the person's right to enforce the instrument. If that proof is made, Section 3-308 applies to the case as if the person seeking enforcement had produced the instrument. The court may not enter judgment in favor of the person seeking enforcement unless it finds that the person required to pay the instrument is adequately protected against loss that might occur by reason of a claim by another person to enforce the instrument. Adequate protection may be provided by any reasonable means.

　　(a) 没有占有票据的人有权执行票据，如果：

　　(1)寻求执行该票据的人

　　(a) 有权执行票据，当票据丧失占有发生时，或

　　(b) 已经直接或间接地，从当票据占有丧失发生时有权执行票据的人处，获得票据的所有权;

　　(2) 占有的丧失不是让与或合法没收的结果;及

　　(3) 此人不能合理地获得票据的占有因为票据被毁坏，其下落不能被确定，或其是是在不明人的不当占有之下或不能查找到的人、没有义务遵守程序的人的占有下。

　　(b) 在(a) 款下寻求执行票据的人必须证明票据的条款及其执行票据的权利。若该证据被作出，§ 3-308 适用于该案，如果寻求执行的人已经作出了该票据。法院可以不作出有利于寻求执行的人的判决，除非法院认定被要求为票据付款的人被充分地保护防止丧失，而该丧失也许由于其他人执行票据的主张而发生。充分的包含可以通过任何合理的方式提供。

　　§ 3-310. EFFECT OF INSTRUMENT ON OBLIGATION FOR WHICH TAKEN.

　　因义务而取得的票据的效力

　　(a) Unless otherwise agreed, if a certified check, cashier's check, or teller's check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation. Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an indorser of the instrument.

　　(b) Unless otherwise agreed and except as provided in subsection (a), if a note or an uncertified check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is suspended to the same extent the obligation would be discharged if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken, and the following rules apply:

　　(1) In the case of an uncertified check, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the check or until it is paid or certified. Payment or certification of the check results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the amount of the check.

　　(2) In the case of a note, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the note or until it is paid. Payment of the note results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the payment.

　　(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), if the check or note is dishonored and the obligee of the obligation for which the instrument was taken is the person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligee may enforce either the instrument or the obligation. In the case of an instrument of a third person which is negotiated to the obligee by the obligor, discharge of the obligor on the instrument also discharges the obligation.

　　(4) If the person entitled to enforce the instrument taken for an obligation is a person other than the obligee, the obligee may not enforce the obligation to the extent the obligation is suspended. If the obligee is the person entitled to enforce the instrument but no longer has possession of it because it was lost, stolen, or destroyed, the obligation may not be enforced to the extent of the amount payable on the instrument, and to that extent the obligee's rights against the obligor are limited to enforcement of the instrument.

　　(c) If an instrument other than one described in subsection (a) or (b) is taken for an obligation, the effect is (i) that stated in subsection (a) if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor, or (ii) that stated in subsection (b) in any other case.

　　(a) 除非另有约定，若保付支票、银行本票、或teller"s check由于义务而取得，该义务在解除将导致的相同范围内被解除，若等于票据金额的一笔钱由于义务的履行而取得。义务的解除不影响债务人作为票据背书人而负有的任何义务。

　　(b) 除非另有约定并且除非(a)款另有规定，若一张票据或一张未保付支票(uncertified check)由于一项义务而取得，该义务在解除的相同范围内中止，若等于票据金额的一笔钱被取得，及下列规则适用：

　　(1) 在未保付支票的情形，义务的中止保持到该支票被拒付，或者保持到其被付款或被未保付。票据的付款或未保付导致义务在支票金额范围内的解除。

　　(2) 在票据的情形，义务的中止保持到该票据被拒付，或者保持到其被付款时。票据的付款导致义务在付款范围内解除。

　　(3) 除非(4)段另有规定，若支票或票据被拒付，并且因其而取得票据的义务的债权人是有权票据的人，债权人可以执行该票据或该义务。在债务人流转给债权人的第三人的票据的情形，债务人在票据上的解除也解除该债务。

　　(4) 若 有权执行由于一项债务取得的票据的人是除债权人之外的人，在债务中止范围内，该债权人不得执行该债务。若债权人是有权执行票据的人，但由于遗失、盗窃或毁 坏而不再占有票据，在票据载明应付金额范围内，该债务不得执行，并且在该范围内，债权人对债务人的权利限于执行票据。

　　(c) 若(a)或(b)款规定以外的票据由于一项债务而取得，效力是(i) (a)款规定的效力，若票据是银行作为制作人或接受人而负有义务的票据，或(ii)在任何其他情形，(b)款规定的效力。

　　§ 3-311. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION BY USE OF INSTRUMENT.通过使用票据的清偿

　　(a) If a person against whom a claim is asserted proves that (i) that person in good faith tendered an instrument to the claimant as full satisfaction of the claim, (ii) the amount of the claim was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute, and (iii) the claimant obtained payment of the instrument, the following subsections apply.

　　(b) Unless subsection (c) applies, the claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that the instrument or an accompanying written communication contained a conspicuous statement to the effect that the instrument was tendered as full satisfaction of the claim.

　　(c) Subject to subsection (d), a claim is not discharged under subsection (b) if either of the following applies:

　　(1) The claimant, if an organization, proves that (i) within a reasonable time before the tender, the claimant sent a conspicuous statement to the person against whom the claim is asserted that communications concerning disputed debts, including an instrument tendered as full satisfaction of a debt, are to be sent to a designated person, office, or place, and (ii) the instrument or accompanying communication was not received by that designated person, office, or place.

　　(2) The claimant, whether or not an organization, proves that within 90 days after payment of the instrument, the claimant tendered repayment of the amount of the instrument to the person against whom the claim is asserted. This paragraph does not apply if the claimant is an organization that that sent a statement complying with paragraph (1)(i).

　　(d) A claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that within a reasonable time before collection of the instrument was initiated, the claimant, or an agent of the claimant having direct responsibility with respect to the disputed obligation, knew that the instrument was tendered in full satisfaction of the claim.

　　(a) 若一项权利主张所指向的人证明(i) 该人善意地支付提供一张票据给原告，以做诶其主张的充分清偿， (ii) 主张的金额未清算或尚处争议中，及(iii) 原告获得票据的付款，下列款项适用。,

　　(b) 除非 (c)款适用，该主张被清偿，若权利主张所指向的人证明票据或一件即时书面通讯(accompanying written communication)包含一项明显的陈述，其大意是该票据被支付作为该主张的充分清偿。

　　(c) 受 (d)款影响，若下列任一适用，在(b)款下一项权利主张不被清偿：

　　(1) 原告，如果是一个组织，证明(i) 在交付钱的合理时间内，原告给权利主张所指向的人送出一个明显的陈述包含争议债务的通信，包括作为债务的充分清偿的票据，是去被送给指定的人、办事处或地点，及(ii) 该票据或即时通信不被指定的人、办事处或地点收到。

　　(2) 原告，无论是不是一个组织，证明在票据被付款后90天内，原告提供票据金额的返还款项给权利主张所指向的人。本段不适用，若原告是一个送出一项符合(1)(i)规定的陈述的组织。

　　(d) 一项主张被解除，若一项权利主张所指向的人证明，在票据的收款开始以前的合理时间内，原告或其代理人对于争议的债务负有直接的责任，知道该票据被交付作为该主张的充分清偿。

　　§ 3-312. LOST, DESTROYED, OR STOLEN CASHIER'S CHECK, TELLER'S CHECK, OR CERTIFIED CHECK. 遗失、毁损或被盗的银行本票

　　(a) In this section:

　　(1) "Check" means a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check.

　　(2) "Claimant" means a person who claims the right to receive the amount of a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check that was lost, destroyed, or stolen.

　　(3) "Declaration of loss" means a statement, made in a record under penalty of perjury, to the effect that (i) the declarer lost possession of a check, (ii) the declarer is the drawer or payee of the check, in the case of a certified check, or the remitter or payee of the check, in the case of a cashier's check or teller's check, (iii) the loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the declarer or a lawful seizure, and (iv) the declarer cannot reasonably obtain possession of the check because the check was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined, or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process.

　　(a) 本条中：

　　(1) "支票指 a 银行本票, teller"s check,或保付支票.

　　(2) "权利人指主张收取遗失、毁坏或被盗的银行本票, teller"s check,或保付支票的金额的权利的人。

　　(3) "遗失声明指一项陈述，记录在案否则受伪证惩罚的陈述，大意是(i) 声明人丧失了一张支票的占有，(ii) 在保付支票的情形，声明人是该支票的开票人或收款人，或，在银行本票或teller"s check情形，声明人是汇款人或支票的收款人， (iii) 占有的丧失不是声明人让与票据的结果，也不是合法的没收的结果，及(iv) 声明人不能合理地获得支票的占有因为该支票被毁坏、其下落不能确定，或者其被不明人、不能查找到的人、对程序不负有义务的人不当占有。

　　(4) "Obligated bank" means the issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check or the acceptor of a certified check.

　　(b) A claimant may assert a claim to the amount of a check by a communication to the obligated bank describing the check with reasonable certainty and requesting payment of the amount of the check, if (i) the claimant is the drawer or payee of a certified check or the remitter or payee of a cashier's check or teller's check, (ii) the communication contains or is accompanied by a declaration of loss of the claimant with respect to the check, (iii) the communication is received at a time and in a manner affording the bank a reasonable time to act on it before the check is paid, and (iv) the claimant provides reasonable identification if requested by the obligated bank. Delivery of a declaration of loss is a warranty of the truth of the statements made in the declaration. If a claim is asserted in compliance with this subsection, the following rules apply:

　　(1) The claim becomes enforceable at the later of (i) the time the claim is asserted, or (ii) the 90th day following the date of the check, in the case of a cashier's check or teller's check, or the 90th day following the date of the acceptance, in the case of a certified check.

　　(2) Until the claim becomes enforceable, it has no legal effect and the obligated bank may pay the check or, in the case of a teller's check, may permit the drawee to pay the check. Payment to a person entitled to enforce the check discharges all liability of the obligated bank with respect to the check.

　　(3) If the claim becomes enforceable before the check is presented for payment, the obligated bank is not obliged to pay the check.

　　(4) "义务行指银行本票或teller"s check的发行人，或保付支票的接受人。

　　(b) 权利人可以提出支票的金额的权利主张，通过对义务行的通信，以合理的确定性描述该票据并要求支付支票的金额，若(i) 权利人是保付支票的开票人或收款人，或银行本票或teller"s check的汇款人或 收款人，(ii) 该通信包含或伴有一项权利人关于该支票的遗失声明，(iii)该信息在该支票被支付前收到，并且其送达的时间和方式给予银行合理的时间按照其行为，及 (iv) 权利人提供合理的身份证明，若义务行要求。遗失声明的交付是声明中陈述的事实的担保。若一项权利主张符合本款，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 在下列时间之后，该主张具有执行效力(i) 主张被提出的时间，或(ii) 在银行本票或teller"s check情形，支票日期后第90日，或者，在保付支票情形，在接受日期后第90日。

　　(2) 在该主张具有执行效力之前，其不具有法律效力，并且义务行可以对支票付款，或者，在teller"s check情形，可以允许付款人对支票付款。对有权执行支票的人的付款解除义务行关于支票的所有义务。

　　(3) 在支票被提示付款之前，若该主张具有执行效力，义务行不必对支票付款。

　　(4) When the claim becomes enforceable, the obligated bank becomes obliged to pay the amount of the check to the claimant if payment of the check has not been made to a person entitled to enforce the check. Subject to Section 4-302(a)(1), payment to the claimant discharges all liability of the obligated bank with respect to the check.

　　(c) If the obligated bank pays the amount of a check to a claimant under subsection (b)(4) and the check is presented for payment by a person having rights of a holder in due course, the claimant is obliged to (i) refund the payment to the obligated bank if the check is paid, or (ii) pay the amount of the check to the person having rights of a holder in due course if the check is dishonored.

　　(d) If a claimant has the right to assert a claim under subsection (b) and is also a person entitled to enforce a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check which is lost, destroyed, or stolen, the claimant may assert rights with respect to the check either under this section or Section 3-309.

　　(4) 当该主张具有执行效力时，义务行必须支付支票的金额给权利人，若支票的付款没有作出给有权执行支票的人。受 § 4-302(a)(1)的影响，对权利人的付款解除义务行关于支票的所有义务。

　　(c) 若义务行支付支票的金额给(b)(4)的权利人，享有正当持票人权利的人对支票提示付款，权利人必须 (i) 退还义务行的付款，若该支票被付款，或(ii) 支付支票的金额给享有正当持票人权利的人，若该支票被拒付。

　　(d) 若权利人有权主张(b)款下的权利，并且也是在银行本票、teller"s check、或保付支票遗失、毁损、或被盗后，有权主张其权利的人，该权利人可以根据本条或§ 3-309条主张关于支票的权利。

　　PART 4. LIABILITY OF PARTIES [Table of Contents] 当事人的责任

　　§ 3-401. SIGNATURE. 签名.

　　(a) A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under Section 3-402.

　　(b) A signature may be made (i) manually or by means of a device or machine, and (ii) by the use of any name, including a trade or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing.

　　(a) 当事人不对票据承担责任，除非 (i) 其签署了票据，或(ii) 此人通过代理人或代表签署了票据，并且该签名对 § 3-402规定的被代表人具有约束力。

　　(b) 签名以下列方式作出 (i) 手工、或通过装置、机械的方式，及 (ii) 通过任何名字的使用，包括商标或笔名(assumed name)，或通过被签署或采用作为证明一项文件真实性的一个词、几号或符号。

　　§ 3-402. SIGNATURE BY REPRESENTATIVE. 由代表签名

　　(a) If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is the "authorized signature of the represented person" and the represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not identified in the instrument.

　　(b) If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person, the following rules apply:

　　(1) If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument, the representative is not liable on the instrument.

　　(2) Subject to subsection (c), if (i) the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or (ii) the represented person is not identified in the instrument, the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person, the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument.

　　(c) If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check, the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.

　　(a) 若 某人作为或声称作为代表而签署票据，签署被代表人的名字或签字人的名字，被代表人因该签名在被代表人受约束的范围内受约束，若签名是在一个简易合同上。若 被代表人受约束，代表的签名是经被代表人授权的签名，并且被代表人在票据上负有义务，无论在票据中是否特定。

　　(b) 若代表签署代表的名字到票据上，并且该签名是经被代表人授权的签名，下列规则适用：

　　(1) 若签名的形式明确表明该签名代表特定于票据的被代表人的利益而作出，该代表对票据不负义务。

　　(2) 受(c)影响，若(i) 签名的形式没有明确表明该签名是在代表地位作出，或(ii) 被代表人不被确定于票据中，该代表在票据上对正当持票人承担责任，该持票人须是不知道该代表未被确定对票据承担责任而取得票据。关于任何其他人，该代表应对票据承担责任，除非该代表证明原当事人不打算该代表对票据承担责任。

　　(c) 若代表签署代表的名字作为支票的开票人，没有指出其代表的身份，并且该支票应从确定于支票上的被代表人的帐户付款，签名人不对票据承担责任，若该签名是经被代表人授权的签名。

　　§ 3-403. UNAUTHORIZED SIGNATURE. 未授权的签名.

　　(a) Unless otherwise provided in this Article or Article 4, an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this Article.

　　(b) If the signature of more than one person is required to constitute the authorized signature of an organization, the signature of the organization is unauthorized if one of the required signatures is lacking.

　　(c) The civil or criminal liability of a person who makes an unauthorized signature is not affected by any provision of this Article which makes the unauthorized signature effective for the purposes of this Article.

　　(a) 除非本篇或第4篇另有规定，未经授权的签名无效，除非未经授权的签名人的签名有利于善意地对票据付款或有偿取得票据的人。未经授权的签名可以因本篇的所有目的而被认可。

　　(b) 若超过一个人的签名被要求去构成一个组织的经授权的签名，若缺乏要求的签名之一，该组织的签名是未经授权的。

　　(c) 作出未经授权的签名的人的民事或刑事责任不受本篇任何使未经授权的签名由于本篇的目的而有效的规定的影响。