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英文合同翻译/专业合同翻译/合同翻译公司
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第三节 句式结构特点(Sentence Structure)
1.句子冗长,结构严谨,语序复杂(prolixity, preciseness and perplexity )
英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达,多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列,语序复杂多变的长句面目出现,很少以简单句为主。
A.主句的状语的位置,一般放在助动词后,行为动词前,与基础英语频度副词如;often,sometimes,always,never,seldom的位置相同。例如:
The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.
合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候,就火灾以及此类与公司经营相关的其他风险所造成的损失或损害进行投保,并保持充分和适当的保险。
B.从句复杂,从句的状语,往往放在连词
之后,从句的句子之前。例如:
If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.
在合同期间的任何时候,合同任一方,由于受到战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风和地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合同时,合同履行期应予延长,延长期限相当于事件影响的时间。
C.主从复合句,从句经常用简略形式。
2.否定前置与倒装(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe)
英语中处理否定的方式一般有两种:一是否定词放在情态动词或助动词后,行为动词前,构成正常的陈述语序;二是否定词放在句首,然后情态动词或助动词与主语位置调换,构成倒装语序。英文合同中含否定意义的句子往往采用后者。例如:
否定仅前置:(Fronting)
Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.
否定倒装:(Anastrophe)
In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profits, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or consequential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.
对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔偿,不论任何原因引起的,卖方概不承担责任。
3.被动语态(Passive Voice)
和基础英语一样,英文合同中如果不必知道行为主体、不知道行为主体、想强调行为结果时,就会使用被动语态。被动结构往往
作为后置定语、状语或者句子的谓语。例如:
Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.
未能按上述要求通知甲方的,则视为构成实质违约。(作谓语)
Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:,
按如下列明的条款,卖方同意出售,买方同意购买下述商品:(作后置定语)
1. Such…as的用法
英文合同力求严密、准确,为避免误解和歧义,常用such……as作关系代词,引导从句,把所修饰的词或短语放在such和as之间来明确含义。例如:
The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出合理和恰当施工、竣工及修补工程缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指令。
B shall provide such information and data as useful and necessary for the negotiation and appoint a person to cooperate with the representatives from C or New Company and the People's Insurance Company of China in charge of the negotiation.
乙方应向丙方或新公司和主管该谈判的中国人民保险公司提供谈判所需的有用资讯材料并指定人员与上述各方进行配合。
The Employee shall also comply with such future Employer policies, rules, regulations, performance standards and manuals as may be published or amended from time to time. 受聘员工也应遵守可随时公布或修改的聘用方今后的政策、守则、规定、行为规范和员工手册。
第四节 时态特点(Tense)
由于合同具有预见性,其约定是希望未来发生、可能发生、应避免发生的事宜,所以英文合同中的时态多为一般将来时或一般现在时(从句中多见)。而且往往以“应当做(shall do)”、“可以做(may do)”、“必须做(must do)”、“不得做(may not/shall not)”等表达形式出现来说明当事人的权利、义务。参看第二章第二节,在此不再赘述。也有基础英语常见的will、will not、to do及do(用于强调语气)的表达形式。绝少看到其他时态和表达方式。例如:
Licensee agrees that it will not during the term of this agreement, or thereafter, attack the title or any rights of Licensor in and to the Name or attack the validity of this license.
受许可方同意在本协议期间及其后不以或对许可方名义侵害许可方的所有权或任何权利或侵害该许可的效力。
(主句一般现在时,从句用will not表一般将来时的否定)
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