欧洲侵权行为法基本原则（中英文翻译 第二部分）

　　TITLE IV. Defences第4篇 抗辩

　　Chapter 7. Defences in general第7章 一般的抗辩

　　Art. 7:101. Defences based on justifications第7：101条 基于正当化事由的抗辩

　　(1) Liability can be excluded if and to the extent that the actor acted legitimately

　　行为人在以下情况下的正当行为可被免责：

　　a) in defence of his own protected interest against an unlawful attack (self-defence),

　　为保护其自身利益免受非法攻击(自卫)，

　　b) under necessity, 在不得已的情况下，

　　c) because the help of the authorities could not be obtained in time (self-help),

　　因不能及时获得公权力机关救济(自力救助)，

　　d) with the consent of the victim, or where the latter has assumed the risk of being harmed, or

　　经受害人承诺，或者受害人接受被损害的风险，或者

　　e) by virtue of lawful authority, such as a licence. 根据合法授权，如许可证。

　　(2) Whether liability is excluded depends upon the weight of these justifications on the one hand and the conditions of liability on the other.

　　能否被免责一方面取决于抗辩事由的重要性，另一方面取决于具体责任的条件。

　　(3) In extraordinary cases, liability may instead be reduced. 在特殊情况下，责任可予以减缩。

　　Art. 7:102. Defences against strict liability第7：102条 对严格责任的抗辩

　　(1) Strict liability can be excluded or reduced if the injury was caused by an unforeseeable and irresistible

　　如损害是由以下不可预见和不可抗拒的原因引起的，则可减免严格责任：

　　a) force of nature (force majeure), or 自然力(不可抗力)，或

　　b) conduct of a third party. 第三者行为

　　(2) Whether strict liability is excluded or reduced, and if so, to what extent, depends upon the weight of the external influence on the one hand and the scope of liability (Article 3:201) on the other.

　　严格责任是否可被减免，以及可以减到何种程度，一方面取决于外部的影响的重要性，另一方面取决于责任的范围(第3：201条) 。

　　(3) When reduced according to paragraph (1)(b), strict liability and any liability of the third party are solidary in accordance with Article 9:101 (1)(b).

　　当依据本条(1) (b) 项减缩责任时，严格责任与第三者的其他责任依据第9：101条(1) (b)项 为连带责任。

　　Chapter 8. Contributory conduct or activity第8章 有作用的行为或活动

　　Art. 8:101. Contributory conduct or activity of the victim

　　第8：101条 受害人有作用的行为或活动

　　(1) Liability can be excluded or reduced to such extent as is considered just having regard to the victim’s contributory fault and to any other matters which would be relevant to establish or reduce liability of the victim if he were the tortfeasor.

　　在受害人对过错的作用和如果受害人是侵权人等其他影响确定或者减缩受害人责任的相关范围内，责任可被免除或减缩。

　　(2) Where damages are claimed with respect to the death of a person, his conduct or activity excludes or reduces liability according to para. 1.

　　损害赔偿涉及当事人死亡的，可依据本条(1)款根据该死亡者的行为或活动免除或减缩责任。

　　The contributory conduct or activity of an auxiliary of the victim excludes or reduces the damages recoverable by the latter according to para. 1.

　　受害人的辅助者对损害的发生发挥作用的行为或活动，依据本条1，得免除或减缩受害人可被补偿的赔偿金。

　　TITLE V. Multiple Tortfeasors第5篇 多个侵权行为人

　　Chapter 9. Multiple Tortfeasors第9章 多个侵权行为人

　　Art 9:101 Solidary and several liability: relation between victim and multiple tortfeasors

　　第9：101条 连带和单独的责任：受害人与多个侵权行为人的关系

　　(1) Liability is solidary where the whole or a distinct part of the damage suffered by the victim is attributable to two or more persons. Liability is solidary where:

　　受害人遭受的全部或可明确区分的部分损害可以归因于两个或两个以上行为人时，行为人负连带责任。下列情况下行为人负连带责任：

　　a) a person knowingly participates in or instigates or encourages wrongdoing by others which causes damage to the victim; or

　　有意参与，或教唆、怂恿他人实施不法行为，致使受害人遭受损害者;或

　　b) one person’s independent behaviour or activity causes damage to the victim and the same damage is also attributable to another person.

　　一人独立的行为或活动引起受害人的损害，而同一损害也可归因于另一人。

　　c) a person is responsible for damage caused by an auxiliary in circumstances where the auxiliary is also liable.

　　在一个人的辅助者对所引起损害应负责任的情况下，该人对辅助者引起的损害负责任。

　　(2) Where persons are subject tosolidary liability, the victim may claim full compensation from any one or more of them, provided that the victim may not recover more than the full amount of the damage suffered by him.

　　当数人承担连带责任时，只要赔偿总额不超过受害人所遭受损害，受害人可向其中任何一人或多人请求全部赔偿。

　　(3) Damage is the same damage for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) above when there is no reasonable basis for attributing only part of it to each of a number of persons liable to the victim. For this purpose it is for the person asserting that the damage is not the same to show that it is not. Where there is such a basis, liability is several, that is to say, each person is liable to the victim only for the part of the damage attributable to him.

　　在无合理基础只将损害的一部分归责于对受害人负责任的数人中的每一个人时，损害与上述(1) (b) 款的损害相同。主张该损害与上述损害不同必须证明这种不同。只要有这种合理基础，责任就是单独的，即每人只对受害人损害中被归责于他的相应部分负责。

　　Art 9:102 Relation between persons subject to solidary liability

　　第9：102条 连带责任人的相互关系

　　(1) A person subject to solidary liability may recover a contribution from any other person liable to the victim in respect of the same damage. This right is without prejudice to any contract between them determining the allocation of the loss or to any statutory provision or to any right to recover by reason of subrogation [cessio legis] or on the basis of unjust enrichment.

　　承担了连带责任的人，可以向对受害人的同一损害负责任的任何一人追偿。这一权利不影响当事人之间决定损失分配的合同，或者任何法律规定，或者因法定代位(法定让与) 或基于不当得利的追偿权。

　　(2) Subject to paragraph (3) of this Article, the amount of the contribution shall be what is considered just in the light of the relative responsibility for the damage of the persons liable, having regard to their respective degrees of fault and to any other matters which are relevant to establish or reduce their liability. A contribution may amount to full indemnification. If it is not possible to determine the relative responsibility of the persons liable they are to be treated as equally responsible.

　　在不违反本条第(3)的条件下，该偿还额应根据各责任人对损害的相对责任，以及他们各自的过错程度和其他与确立或减缩其责任有关的事项，公平确定。偿还额可以是全额补偿。如果不能确定责任人的相对责任份额，就应按照负均等责任处理。

　　(3) Where a person is liable for damage done by an auxiliary under Article 9:101 he is to be treated as bearing the entire share of the responsibility attributable to the auxiliary for the purposes of contribution between him and any tortfeasor other than the auxiliary.

　　根据第9：101条对辅助者引起的损害承担责任的人，在他和除他的辅助者之外的其他侵权行为人的责任分配关系上，应当被认为承担其辅助者全部责任份额。

　　(4) The obligation to make contribution is several, that is to say, the person subject to it is liable only for his apportioned share of responsibility for the damage under this Article; but where it is not possible to enforce a judgment for contribution against one person liable his share is to be reallocated among the other persons liable in proportion to their responsibility.

　　偿还债务是分担的单独债务，即偿还债务人按照本条规定仅对损害中其应承担的部分负责任;但是，在无法对责任人中的一人执行判决所认定偿还义务时，他的分担部分应在其他责任人之间按他们应负责任的比例进行再分配。

　　TITLE VI. Remedies第6篇 救济方式

　　Chapter 10. Damages第10章 损害赔偿

　　Section 1. Damages in general第1节 一般的损害赔偿

　　Art. 10:101. Nature and purpose of damages第10：101条 损害赔偿的性质和目的

　　Damages are a money payment to compensate the victim, that is to say, to restore him, so far as money can, to the position he would have been in if the wrong complained of had not been committed. Damages also serve the aim of preventing harm.

　　损害赔偿是以货币方式赔偿受害人，即，在货币可能的范围内，使受害人索赔到如果伤害未发生的状态。损害赔偿也同样服务于预防损害的目的。

　　Art. 10:102. Lump sum or periodical payments第10：102条 一次性赔偿及定期支付偿

　　Damages are awarded in a lump sum or as periodical payments as appropriate with particular regard to the interests of the victim.

　　损害赔偿，应当根据受害人的利益，适当选择一次支付总额或定期支付。

　　Art. 10:103. Benefits gained through the damaging event 第10：103条 通过损害事件受益

　　When determining the amount of damages benefits which the injured party gains through the damaging event are to be taken into account unless this cannot be reconciled with the purpose of the benefit.

　　在决定损害赔偿金额时，必须计入受害方通过损害事件所获得的利益，除非这种做法与受益的目的不一致。

　　Art. 10:104. Restoration in kind第10：104条 恢复原状

　　Instead of damages, restoration in kind can be claimed by the injured party as far as it is possible and not too burdensome to the other party.

　　只要可能，并且不会给另一方增加当事人过多的负担，受害人有权不要求损害赔偿而要求恢复原状。

　　Section 2. Pecuniary damage第2节 财产损害

　　Art. 10:201. Nature and determination of pecuniary damage

　　第10：201条 财产损害的性质与确定

　　Recoverable pecuniary damage is a diminution of the victim’s patrimony caused by the damaging event. Such damage is generally determined as concretely as possible but it may be determined abstractly when appropriate, for example by reference to a market value.

　　可索赔的财产损害指受害人在损害事件中遭受的财物的减少。这种损害通常应当尽量具体地确定，但在某些适当的情况下也可以抽象地加以确定，例如，参照市场价格。

　　Art. 10:202. Personal injury and death第10：202条 人身伤害与死亡

　　(1) In the case of personal injury, which includes injury to bodily health and to mental health amounting to a recognised illness, pecuniary damage includes loss of income, impairment of earning capacity (even if unaccompanied by any loss of income) and reasonable expenses, such as the cost of medical care.

　　人身伤亡的情况，包括构成可识别的疾病的对身体健康和精神健康的伤害。财产损害包括收入损失，劳动能力的丧失(即使不伴随任何收入损失) 以及医疗费用等合理开支。

　　(2) In the case of death, persons such as family members whom the deceased maintained or would have maintained if death had not occurred are treated as having suffered recoverable damage to the extent of loss of that support.

　　在死亡的情况下，家庭成员等死者生前抚养或如果死亡未发生将抚养的人，可获得与其抚养丧失程度相等的赔偿。

　　Art. 10:203. Loss, destruction and damage of things 第10：203条 物的丧失、灭失和损坏

　　(1) Where a thing is lost, destroyed or damaged, the basic measure of damages is the value of the thing or the diminution in its value and for this purpose it is irrelevant whether the victim intends to replace or repair the thing. However, if the victim has replaced or repaired it (or will do so), he may recover the higher expenditure thereby incurred if it is reasonable to do so.

　　在物的丧失、灭失和损坏的情况下，损害赔偿的基本尺度是该物的价值或其价值的减少。损害赔偿的尺度与受害人是否想要替换或修理该物无关。但是，如果受害人已经(或决定) 替换或修理该物，只要是合理进行的，他因此而支出的更高费用就可以获得赔偿。

　　(2) Damages may also be awarded for loss of use of the thing, including consequential losses such as loss of business.

　　损害赔偿同样适用于对物的使用的丧失，包括因这种结果而产生的交易上的损失。

　　Section 3. Non-pecuniary damage第3节 非财产损害

　　Art. 10:301. Non-pecuniary damage第10：301条 非财产损害

　　(1) Considering the scope of its protection (Article 2:102), the violation of an interest may justify compensation of non-pecuniary damage. This is the case in particular where the victim has suffered personal injury; or injury to human dignity, liberty, or other personality rights. Non-pecuniary damage can also be the subject of compensation for persons having a close relationship with a victim suffering a fatal or very serious non-fatal injury.

　　考虑利益的保护范围(第2：102条)时，可以要求对受侵害利益做出非财产损害赔偿，这尤其适用于受害人遭受人身伤害或人的尊严、自由或其他人格权利的侵害的情况。非财产损害赔偿同样可以适用于与遭受致命或严重非致命伤害的受害人有亲近关系的人。

　　(2) In general, in the assessment of such damages, all circumstances of the case, including the gravity, duration and consequences of the grievance, have to be taken into account. The degree of the tortfeasor’s fault is to be taken into account only where it significantly contributes to the grievance of the victim.

　　在确定这种损害赔偿时一般应考虑该案的所有情况，包括该痛苦的严重性、持续时间和后果。侵权行为人的过错程度只有在对造成受害人的痛苦起到了显著作用时才加以考虑。

　　(3) In cases of personal injury, non-pecuniary damage corresponds to the suffering of the victim and the impairment of his bodily or mental health. In assessing damages (including damages for persons having a close relationship to deceased or seriously injured victims) similar sums should be awarded for objectively similar losses.

　　在人身伤害的情况下，非财产损害应与受害人的苦楚及其身体或精神健康损伤相符。在确定损害赔偿时(包括因与死亡或受重伤的受害人有亲近关系的人的损害)，客观上相似的损失应给予相似的总额。

　　Section 4. Reduction of damages第4节 损害赔偿的减缩

　　Art. 10:401. Reduction of damages第10：401条 损害赔偿的减缩

　　In an exceptional case, if in light of the financial situation of the parties full compensation would be an oppressive burden to the defendant, damages may be reduced. In deciding whether to do so, the basis of liability (Article 1:101), the scope of protection of the interest (Article 2:102) and the magnitude of the damage have to be taken into account in particular.

　　在例外的情况下，如果根据当事人的经济状况，全部赔偿将对被告形成难以承受的负担，损害赔偿可以减缩。判断是否减缩损害赔偿，特别要根据责任基础(第1：101条)、该利益的保护范围(第2：102条) 和损害的大小。