英语合同常见实词的翻译
英文合同常见实词(Content Words)
1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示保证的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：
例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.
买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。
例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.
根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。
例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.
乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。
2． Principal place of business (principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office
在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：主营业地、住所地、营业场所、注册地。往往出现在前言的parties部分。
例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19- -, at ______, China, between ABC Co. with its principal office at ______, China (hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co. with its principal office at______, USA (hereinafter called Party B).
本合同于19**年4月1日于中国***签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国***，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国***。
例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.
如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。
例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at ________________.
本聘用协议订立于*年*月*日，协议双方为***（以下本公司），其按*州法律组织设立，注册地为***，和***，自然人，国籍为*国，护照号码为***，住址为***。
例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant.
本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。
3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph
英文合同中的章、条、款、项 分别用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。
例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10. 5 hereof.
借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。
4． Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do
这一组短语是都表示有权做。Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth.(to sth.)体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律上规定的权利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利，至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.
尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。
例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.
在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分。
又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.
甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。
5． Perform, fulfill, execute, implement
英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Execute implement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。
例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No. 79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.
有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。
例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof (the "June 25 Meeting"). Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform. such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.
合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。
例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.
所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。
例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.
所有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。
6． Abide by, observe, obey, comply with
这几个词在英文合同中都表示遵守，服从，的意思。Comply with的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abide by则的主语通常是Sb.
例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.
所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。
例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。
7 have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do,be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for,
在英文合同中这一组短语都表达有责任、有义务。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特点时，已经述及，在此不再赘述。其他短语的用法，参看下例：
例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.
本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。
例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing. RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。
例3： In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligated
to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.
在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.
卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。
8. effect
在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示实现、完成的意思。例如：
This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.
本合同从双方签字之日起生效。
The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.
9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。
例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.
本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。
10．Incur
英文合同中incur指招致，引起，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。
例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.
如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。
例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.
产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。
11．To-wit
作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为即，相当于基础英语中的that is to say（i.e.）。
例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,011,150.00) cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and
valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:
兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：
12．Sanction, approval, examination
英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。
例如：The amendment of the contract or other appendices shall come into force only after a written agreement has been signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original examination and approval authority.本合同的修改或其他附件当仅当甲乙双方签署完书面协议后并经原审批机关批准后方能生效。
例如：This sanction is lifted prospectively upon the filing of a proper registration.
妥当的登记申请才会提交审批。
此外，sanction在英文合同中也常作制裁解。
例如：If Licensee is joined in such proceeding, Licensor shall indemnify and
hold harmless Licensee from and against any claim, sanction, liability, damages, attorney's fees, judgments or orders of any kind arising out of such proceeding.
如果被许可方参加该诉讼，许可方则应保证赔偿许可方由该诉讼导致的任何索赔、制裁、债务、损害赔偿、律师费、判决或任何裁令并保证免除被许可方有关责任。
13．Do sth. in its entirety
英文合同中do sth. in its entirety相当于基础英语中的do sth. totally或do sth. as a whole，表示完全彻底地做某事。
例如：The Aggregate Revolving Commitment (and the Revolving Commitment of each Bank) shall terminate in its entirety on April 15, 1998 unless the Closing Date shall have occurred on or prior to such date.联合周转协议（及各银行的周转协议）应在1998年4月15日完全终止，除非结算发生在当天或先于该日期。
14．encumbrance, mortgage, charge, pledge, security, lien, security
mortgage相当于我国法律的抵押；pledge相当于质押，lien相当于留置，security相当于担保，保证；
encumbrance: A liability or claim which burdens property, e.g., a lease, mortgage, easement, restrictive covenant, rentcharge（Dictionary of Law, 6th edition, L.B.Curzon）指在财产上设定的债务或债权，如：租赁、抵押、地役、限制性契约，收租。试译为他物权。
charge: 4. An encumbrance, e.g., on land, which secures payments for money(Idem) 一种担保物权，如：土地上设定的用于付款的担保，保证。
例如：Seller warrants that the goods are now free, and that at the time of delivery shall be free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance.
卖方保证货物现无约束，交付时应没有设定担保物权、其他留置权或债权。
例如：During the joint venture term of the Joint Venture Company, Without Party B’s written consent, Party A shall not create any option, right to acquire, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, or any other form. of security or encumbrance on, over, or affecting the whole or any part of its equity interest in the Joint Venture Company.
本合资公司合营期间，未经乙方书面同意，甲方不得对本合资公司所有或部分股权设定期权、购并权、抵押权、保证、抵押权、留置权、或其他任何形式的担保或债权，或因以上设定影响本合资公司的所有或部分股权。
15．Pertinent, relevant
这两个词都是作为形容词有关的，相关的含义，出现在英文合同中，pertinent似乎较relevant更为正式。
例如：All activities of the Cooperative venture company shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
合作经营企业的一切活动均应受中华人民共和国的法律、法令及有关规定和规章约制。
再如：In accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and regulations, ABC Company and XYZ Company, in accordance with the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultations, agree to jointly set up a Cooperative venture in Beijing, the People's Republic of China.
根据中华人民共和国中外合作企业法及有关法律法规，ABC公司与XYZ公司，本着平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，同意共同在中华人民共和国设立合作企业。
16．Seek recourse to, resort to 在英文合同中都表示求助于，诉诸于的含义。
例如：The arbitration shall take place in Beijing and the decision of the Arbitration Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties; neither party shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities to appeal for revision of the decision. Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
仲裁应在进行。仲裁委员会的裁定应为终局性，对双方均有约束力。任一方不得诉诸于法院或其他机构上诉寻求修正该裁定。仲裁费应由败诉方承担。
又如：The exercise of a remedy does not waive the right of either party to resort to arbitration or reference.任一方行使补救权利不放弃其诉诸仲裁或仲裁程序的权利。
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翻译术语相关问答
问：如果翻译的稿件只有几百字，如何收费?
答：对于不足一千字的稿件，目前有两种收费标准： 1)不足一千字按一千字计算。 2)对于身份证、户口本、驾驶证、营业执照、公证材料等特殊稿件按页计费。
问：请问贵司的笔译范围？
答：笔译翻译又称人工笔头翻译, 既通过文字形式的翻译转换, 把源语言翻译成目标语言, 是当今全球经济发展, 政治文化交流的主要方式, 笔译通过文字展现方式, 使全世界上千种语言能够互通有无, 每天都有数以亿计的文字被翻译或转译, 笔译肩负着世界各国经济文化发展的重任, 是各国各民族的文化大使, 我们的笔译领域涉及十大类专业领域和五百多种不同的分领域。
问：是否可以请高校教师、学者或学生翻译？
答：绝对不能，风险自负。许多公司在寻找译者时，首先想到的是当地学校或大学的外语院系。有时，这种做法对于供内部使用的翻译可能有效，即，您只想了解文件大意，但对于正式的公司宣传材料、手册或者合同文档而言，这样做却风险极大。外语教学需要有特殊的技能，但这些技能却与翻译一篇流利、优美的文章所需的技能完全不同。让学生来做翻译看起来经济实惠，但风险更高，因为他们毫无实战经验，翻译出来的文件基本无法使用。
问：翻译交稿时间周期为多长?
答：翻译交稿时间与您的文件大小以及复杂程度有关。每个专业译者的正常翻译速度为3000-4000中文字/天，对于加急的大型项目，我们将安排多名译员进行翻译，由项目经理将文件拆分成若干文件，分配给不同的译员进行翻译，翻译后由项目经理进行文件的合并，并经统一术语、审校、质控、排版等翻译流程，最终交付给客户。
问：提供一个网站的网址，能够给出翻译报价吗?
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问：为什么标点符号也要算翻译字数？
答：①根据中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 19363.1-2003 对翻译行业服务规范的要求，中文字数统计是以不计空格字符数为计算单位的。标点符号算翻译字数是统一的行业标准。
②标点符号在不同的语种中，有不同的表达方式，例如中文的标点符号大多是全角的，英文的无特殊设置都是半角的，而且如果一句话或一段内容夹杂两种不同的语言，标点符号的规则就相对复杂，对于翻译文件来说，标点符号的部分也是很费时。
③另外，标点符号在句子中对句子语境等的限制因素，使得标点对句子、对译员翻译判断等起到一定的要求。所以，该部分也要计算在内。
④可能我们平时不是很注重标点符号，其实在文字表达中，标点符号的重要不亚于单字单词，一个标点符号可以改变全句话的意思，而我们的工作也是做到了这一点，保证每个标点符号的准确，保证译文表达的意思和原文一样。
问：需要与你们公司什么人接洽翻译业务呢？
答：我们公司采取专属客服服务模式。为企业客户配备专属客服，一对一沟通具体翻译需求，组建专属译员团队。
问：为何每家翻译公司的报价不一样?
答：大家都知道一分价格一分货，在翻译行业里更为突出，译员的水平是划分等级的。新开的翻译公司或不具备翻译资质的公司为了抢占市场，恶意搅乱，以次充好，低价吸引客户。
问：为什么数字、字母也要算翻译字数？
答：根据中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 19363.1-2003 对翻译行业服务规范的要求，中文字数统计是以不计空格字符数为计算单位的。而数字、字母也是包含在其中。而对翻译公司来说，数字和字母也要算翻译字数的原因还包括以下两个方面：
首先，我们的收费都是根据国家颁布的翻译服务规范来收取翻译费用，对待收费我们都是统一对待的，其次，数字和字母也是文章中的一部分，特别是在一些商务文件中，数字就是文件的主题，所以也是一样要收费的。
另外，纯数字字母需要核对、录入，比翻译一个词语更麻烦，翻译是大脑里面概念形成的，而纯数字字母是要严谨的核对、录入才能实现的，这将会花费更多的时间，所以我们会把数字和字母也算成字数。
但是有一种情况除外，如审计报告里面那种数据很多而且又不需要我们翻译可以直接保留的，这部分我们可以不计算在内。
问：请问贵司每天的翻译量是多少？
答：我们公司最高翻译记录为一天翻译50万字。原则上我们会在约定的时间内完成，但是时间和质量是成正比的，慢工才能出细活，我们建议在时间允许的情况下，尽量给译员充足的翻译时间，以便交付优质的译文。
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